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  • Approaches To Conditioning: Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Two-Way Process

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    The document discusses different approaches to understanding how phobias are acquired and maintained, including operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social learning theory. Operant conditioning suggests phobias are acquired through learning and are maintained through negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior. Classical conditioning posits that phobias result from a neutral stimulus becoming associated with an unpleasant emotion through direct experience. Social learning theory emphasizes how observation of others influences behavior.

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    The document discusses different approaches to understanding how phobias are acquired and maintained, including operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social learning theory. Operant conditioning suggests phobias are acquired through learning and are maintained through negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior. Classical conditioning posits that phobias result from a neutral stimulus becoming associated with an unpleasant emotion through direct experience. Social learning theory emphasizes how observation of others influences behavior.

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    22 views8 pages

    Approaches To Conditioning: Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Two-Way Process

    Uploaded by

    DoughnutGaming 74
    The document discusses different approaches to understanding how phobias are acquired and maintained, including operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social learning theory. Operant conditioning suggests phobias are acquired through learning and are maintained through negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior. Classical conditioning posits that phobias result from a neutral stimulus becoming associated with an unpleasant emotion through direct experience. Social learning theory emphasizes how observation of others influences behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Two-way Process

    Social Learning Theory Approaches to Qualitative Data


    Conditioning
    • Mowrer (1960)
    • Phobias are acquired through • A natural response that causes fear • Strength of a behaviour is
    learning which becomes associated with a modified by reinforcement or
    • Phobias acquired initially by CC. neutral stimulus punishment
    • If an unpleasant emotion is paired • Conditioned emotional response • This type of learning creates an
    with a stimulus, then the two can be acquired through direct association between behaviours
    become associated. environmental experiences. and consequences for it
    • Avoiding feared stimulation is • ‘Little Albert’ – white rabbit • It’s how phobias are maintained
    negative reinforcement • A neutral stimulus that represents through negative reinforcement
    • Example: bitten by dog or see it the condition causes fear response • By not stepping outside your
    happen, avoiding dogs reduces i.e. looking at white rabbit ‘comfort zone’, you’re reinforcing
    anxiety. the behaviour
    How to Acquire a • Albert Bandura
    Phobia Through • Social behaviour is learned by
    Various observing and imitating the
    behaviour of others
    subjective.
    Approach • Considers how both environmental
    It’s difficult to analyse as it can be • and cognitive factors interact to
    Great external validity • influence human learning and
    thoughts and feelings behaviour.
    Rich in detail and helps to develop on •
    interview or a diary
    Words/written description such as an •
    Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Two-way Process

    Behavioural Approach Evolutionary Approach Qualitative Data


    • Phobias commonplace through
    natural selection
    • Would not have persisted through
    the gene pool if they did not have
    beneficials affects.
    • Nowadays may be psychologically
    maladaptive (something that goes
    against our survival)
    • Distinct cultural differences – Many
    areas of Africa, the spider is seen as
    a wise creature
    Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Two-way Process

    Social Learning Theory Behavioural Approach Qualitative Data


    to Conditioning
    • Mowrer (1960)
    • Phobias are acquired through • A natural response that causes fear • Strength of a behaviour is
    learning which becomes associated with a modified by reinforcement or
    • Phobias acquired initially by CC. neutral stimulus punishment
    • If an unpleasant emotion is paired • Conditioned emotional response • This type of learning creates an
    with a stimulus, then the two can be acquired through direct association between behaviours
    become associated. environmental experiences. and consequences for it
    • Avoiding feared stimulation is • ‘Little Albert’ – white rabbit • It’s how phobias are maintained
    negative reinforcement • A neutral stimulus that represents through negative reinforcement
    • Example: bitten by dog or see it the condition causes fear response • By not stepping outside your
    happen, avoiding dogs reduces i.e. looking at white rabbit ‘comfort zone’, you’re reinforcing
    anxiety. the behaviour
    How to Acquire a • Albert Bandura
    Phobia Through • Social behaviour is learned by
    Behavioural observing and imitating the
    behaviour of others
    subjective.
    Approach • Considers how both environmental
    It’s difficult to analyse as it can be • and cognitive factors interact to
    Great external validity • influence human learning and
    thoughts and feelings behaviour.
    Rich in detail and helps to develop on •
    interview or a diary
    Words/written description such as an •
    Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Two-way Process

    Social Learning Theory Behavioural Approach Qualitative Data


    to Conditioning
    • Mowrer (1960)
    • Phobias are acquired through • A natural response that causes fear • Strength of a behaviour is
    learning which becomes associated with a modified by reinforcement or
    • Phobias acquired initially by CC. neutral stimulus punishment
    • If an unpleasant emotion is paired • Conditioned emotional response • This type of learning creates an
    with a stimulus, then the two can be acquired through direct association between behaviours
    become associated. environmental experiences. and consequences for it
    • Avoiding feared stimulation is • ‘Little Albert’ – white rabbit • It’s how phobias are maintained
    negative reinforcement • A neutral stimulus that represents through negative reinforcement
    • Example: bitten by dog or see it the condition causes fear response • By not stepping outside your
    happen, avoiding dogs reduces i.e. looking at white rabbit ‘comfort zone’, you’re reinforcing
    anxiety. the behaviour
    How to Acquire a • Albert Bandura
    Phobia Through • Social behaviour is learned by
    Behavioural observing and imitating the
    behaviour of others
    subjective.
    Approach • Considers how both environmental
    It’s difficult to analyse as it can be • and cognitive factors interact to
    Great external validity • influence human learning and
    thoughts and feelings behaviour.
    Rich in detail and helps to develop on •
    interview or a diary
    Words/written description such as an •

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