A TRAINING WORKSHOP ON

STATISTICAL AND PRESENTATIONAL

SYSTEM SOFTWARE (SPSS) 18.0
WINDOWS

FEBRUARY, 2013

BY: ABDUL-RAUF
 Introduction
 Mathematics is the language of science, data analysis is the
language of research

 As long as there is research, there will be the need to analyze

data

 SPSS - Statistical and Presentational System Software

 SPSS 17 and 18 are called PASW (Predictive Analytics

SoftWare)

 What is SPSS?
 A software package use for conducting statistical analysis,
manipulating data, and generating tables and graphs.

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 Getting to know SPSS
 Option 1:
 Place your cursor on the SPSS icon and double click

 Option 2:
 Step 1: Click on Start
 Step 2: Move cursor to All Programmes
 Step 3: Click on SPSS executable file to open
 Step 4: Click on the option under ‘What would you like
to do’?
 E.g Open existing data source
 Step 5: Click OK button

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 Features of SPSS

The main window features include:

 Data Editor
Data view and Variable view
 The Viewer
 The Pivot Table Editor
 Chart Editor
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 Entering data

 Step 1: Click on Data View

 Step 2: Click on the first cell (1st C, 1st R)
 Step 3: Type in the # e.g. if the variable is ID, then
type in 1
 Step 4: Move the cursor into the second cell and
enter second piece of information for case # 1
 Step 5: Move the cursor into next cell and enter very
piece of information for case # 1
 Step 6: Press the Home key to get back. Use the
down arrow to move to the second row and enter
data for case #2
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 Modifying the data file

 To delete a case
 To insert a case between existing cases
 To delete a variable
 To insert a variable between existing variables
 To move an existing variable
 To sort the data file
 To split the data file
 To select cases

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To insert a variable between existing variables

 Step 1: Position your cursor in a cell in the column

(variable) to the right of where you would like the
new variable to appear

 Step 2: Right click

 Step 3: Insert variable

 Step 4: Enter the data of the new variable

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 To move an existing variable

 Step 1: Create a new empty variable column

 Step 2: Click on the variable name of the existing

variable you wish to move

 Step 3: Click on the Edit menu and choose Cut

 Step 4: Highlight the new empty column that you

created
 Step 5: Click on the Edit menu and choose Paste
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 Screening and cleaning the data

Data screening process involves a # of steps:

Step 1: Checking for errors

Step 2: Finding the error in the data file

Step 3: Correcting the error in the data file

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 Checking for errors

Inspect the frequencies for Categorical variables

 Click on Analyze
 Click on Descriptive Statistics
 Click Frequencies
 Choose the variable you wish to check (e.g. sex)
 Move these into the Variables box
 Click on Continue
 Click on OK

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 Checking for errors cont.

 Inspect the frequencies for Continuous variables

 Click on Analyze
 Click on Descriptive Statistics
 Click Descriptives
 Choose the variable you wish to check (e.g. age)
 Move these into the Variables box
 Click on Continue
 Click on OK

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 Checking for errors cont.

 Step 1: Check your minimum, maximum and means

values

 Step 2: Check the number of valid and missing cases

 Step 3: Check the frequencies fall into each category

eg district, community, etc

 Step 4: Delete on your keypad

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 Finding the error in the data file

 METHOD 1
 Step 1: Click on the variable name of the variable in
which the error has occurred (e.g. a 3 for sex)
 Step 2: Click once to highlight the column
 Step 3: Click on Edit from the menu across the top of
the screen
 Step 4: click on Find
 Step 5: In the Search for box, type in the incorrect
value that you are looking for (e.g 3)
 Step 6: Click on Search Forward to continue

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 Finding the error in the data file

 METHOD 2
 Step 1: Click on Analyze, Descriptive Stat. Explore
 Step 2: In the Display section click on Statistics
 Step 3: Click on e.g. sex and move to Dependent list
 Step 4: In the Label cases, choose ID
 Step 5: In the Statistics section choose Outliers
 Step 6: Click on Continue
 Step 7: In the Options section choose Exclude case
pairwise
 Step 8: Click on Continue and then OK

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 Correcting the error in the data file

 Step 1: Check what value should have been entered

for that person
 Step 2: Find the variable labelled ID
 Step 3: Move down to the case that has the ID #
with the error
 Step 4: Move across the row until you come to the
column of the variable with the error
 Step 5: Place the cursor in the cell, type in the
correct value

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 Obtaining frequency for categorical variable

 Step 1: Click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics,

Frequency
 Step 2: Choose and highlight the categorical
variables you are interested in
 Step 3: Move these into the Variables box
 Step 4: Click on the Statistics button
 Step 5: In the Dispersion section tick Minimum
and Maximum
 Step 6: Click on Continue and OK

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Obtaining descr. stat. for continuous variable

 Step 1: Click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics,

Descriptives
 Step 2: Click on all the continuous variables that you
wish to obtain descriptive statistics for
 Step 3: Click on the arrow button to move them into
the Variables box
 Step 4: Click on the Options button
 Step 5: Click on mean, standard deviation,
minumum, maximum, skewness, kurtosis
 Step 6: Click on Continue, and OK

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 Cross tabulation

 Step 1: Click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics,

Cross tabs
 Step 2: Click on (sex)
 Step 3: Click on Row arrow button to move into
Row(s) section
 Step 4: Click on (agegp3)
 Step 5: Click on Column arrow button to move
into Column(s)
 Step 6: Click on Cells

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 Crosstab cont.

 Step 7: Click on Expected, Total, Unstandardized

 Step 8: Click on Continue
 Step 9: Click on OK

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 Creating graphs e.g. histogram

Step 1: Click on Graphs, Histogram

Step 2: Click on your continuous variable of
interest (Total perceived stress)
Step 3: Move it into the Variable box
Step 4: Click on Display normal curve
Step 5: Click on Title to type the desired
title
Step 6: Click on Continue and OK

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 Bar graph

 Step 1: Click on Graph, Bar

 Step 2: Click on Clustered
 Step 3: In the Data in chart are section, click on
Summaries for groups of cases
 Step 4: Click on Define
 Step 5: In the Bars represent box click on Other
statistics/summary function
 Step 6: Click on the continuous variable (Total
perceived stress)
 Step 7: Click on categorical variable (agegp3)

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 Bar graph cont.

 Step 8: Click on the arrow button to move it into

the Category axis box
 Step 9: Click on another categorical variable (sex)
 Step 10: Move it into the Define Clusters by
box
 Step 11: Click on the Options button
 Step 12: Remove tick if any from Display
groups defined by missing values
 Step 13: Click on OK

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 Creating a scatterplot

 Step 1: Click on Graphs, Scatter

 Step 2: Click on Simple, Define
 Step 3: Click on your dependent variable (Total perceived
stress)
 Step 4: Click on the arrow to move it into the box labelled
Y axis
 Step 5: Move your other variable into the box labelled X
axis
 Step 6: Move categorical variables into the Set Markers
by box
 Step 7: Click on Title, Continue and then OK
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 Editing a chart/graph

Step 1: Double click on what you wish to

change
Step 2: Click on the title or label you wish to
change
Step 3: Click once on the aspect of the
chart/graph that you wish to change
Step 4: Click on the button on the menu bar
that corresponds to the aspect you wish to
change
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 Non-parametric techniques

There are many techniques of non-

parametrics
Chi-square for independence
Mann-Whitney Test
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Friedman Test
Spearman Rank Order Correlation

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 Procedure for Spearman’ Rank Order Cor.

 Step 1: Click on Analyze, Correlate, Bivariate

 Step 2: Click on your two variables (total
PCOISS, total perceived stress)
 Step 3: Move them into the box marked
Variables
 Step 4: In the section labelled Correlation
Coefficients
 Step 5: Click on the option labelled Spearman
 Step 6: Click on OK

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 THE END

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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