OPERATING SYSTEM

CPE III
 THE EXAMPLES OF OS
 Windows-Microsoft Windows has existed in one form or another since 1985,
and it remains the most popular operating system for home and office
computers. Its latest versions, including Windows 10, are also used on some
tablets, and the OS is used on some web and number-crunching server
computers as well. Computers from a wide variety of manufacturers can use
Windows.
 Initial versions of Windows worked with an earlier Microsoft operating
system called MS-DOS, providing a modern graphical interface on top of
DOS's traditional text-based commands. Signature features of Microsoft
Windows's user interface include windows themselves – rectangle-shaped,
on-panel screens that represent individual applications. The Windows Start
menu has helped generations of users find programs and files on their
devices.
 Efforts to use versions of the Windows OS for smartphones have been less
successful.
 MAC-The Macintosh Operating System (Mac
OS) is an operating system (OS) designed by
Apple Inc. to be installed and operated on the
Apple Macintosh series of computers.
Introduced in 1984, it is a graphical user
interface (GUI) based OS that has since been
released as multiple different versions.
 Linux-Linux has long been the basis
of commercial networking devices, but now
it's a mainstay of enterprise infrastructure.
Linux is a tried-and-true, open-source
operating system released in 1991 for
computers, but its use has expanded to
underpin systems for cars, phones, web
servers and, more recently, networking gear.
 Unix-is an operating system which was first
developed in the 1960s, and has been under
constant development ever since. By
operating system, we mean the suite of
programs which make the computer work.
It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system
for servers, desktops and laptops.
 The differences of
Windows,Mac,Linux,Unix
 An operating system is considered to be the backbone of any
system. Without an operating system, the user and system
cannot interact. It acts as a mediator between both of these.
We mainly have three kinds of operating systems, namely,
Linux, MAC, and Windows. To begin with, MAC is an OS that
focuses on the graphical user interface and was developed by
Apple, Inc, for their Macintosh systems. Microsoft developed
the Windows operating system. It was developed so as to
overcome the limitation of the MS-DOS operating system.
Linux is UNIX like a source software and can use an operating
system that provides full memory protection and multi-
tasking operations. It is an open d by anyone.
 BASIC DIFFERENCES AND
HISTORY
FILE STRUCTURE
REGISTRY
INTERCHANGEABLE INTERFACES
FACTORS THAT EFFECT THE OS

 Factors Which Can effect the Performance of an

Operating System" Viruses: •Viruses reduce your
system’s performance & limits its ability to carry
out commands. •Viruses may: - Delete or scramble
a user’s files or their entire system - Delay a user's
system - Disable certain functions - Cause erratic
system behaviour. Badly Fragmented hard drive
and file system fragmentation. Overtime your
computer files can be scattered pieces located all
over your hard drive.
 This causes your computer to use excessive resources (like
memory and CPU time) to complete tasks related to
reading and writing files. It also unnecessary increase the
workload your computer must carry out to support running
application. Small Ram size Ram stores currently used data
from the hard drive, and disposes of it when it is no longer
required-this guarantees faster access to the data. The less
RAM you have the less data you can access and the
application that can be run simultaneously. This, having a
small ram size will result in poor OS performance.
 Virtual memory thrashing Virtual memory is a back up mechanism
utilized when there is no more available space in the RAM. Virtual
memory searches for areas of data which lack recent access
activity and couples then on the hard disk. -it makes the memory
space contiguous,thus, creating free space. If reliance on virtual
memory is too heavy, there will be a significant decline in system
performance. That is the OS will have constantly swap data to and
from the RAM and hard disk This is known as thrashing. Small
Pagefile Windows pagefile is a temporary section of memory
utilised by the OS to move files around as it process functions.
Hence, if pagefile is too small, there may not be enough space to
move files to, greatly hindering system performance.
 We have factor that can boost operating system
performances and get rid viruses:
Defragmentation -eliminates fragmentation by
reorganizing contents to store pieces of each file
together Upgrading your RAM The more RAM
you have,the more data you can access,thus,the
more applications you can run simultaneously.
This resources reliance or virtual memory and
pagefile. The more virtual memory, the smaller
chance of thrashing.
THE COMMAND PROMP IN WINDOWS
OS
 The Command Prompt is a program that emulates the input
field in a text-based user interface screen with the Windows
Graphical User Interface (GUI).
 Command Prompt is officially called Windows Command
Processor, but it's also sometimes referred to as the
command shell or cmd prompt, or even by its filename,
cmd.exe.
 C: \Users\Neil> (current workinh directory)
 C:- main hardrive
 Users- directory
 Neil- basically where you in computer library.
COMMONLY USED COMMAND
OTHER USEFUL COMMAND

 Listing files and directories Opening files and

history Creating and removing directories Path
variable Manage Your IP Address Get Info on
What a Command Means Scan and Repair
Files Manage Your Computer’s Energy Hide
Folders Run Commands as an Administrator
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