OPERATING

SYSTEM

MICROSOFT w i n d o w s Xp
Introduction
 What is an Operating system ?
An Operating system is a program which acts as an
interface between user of computer & the
computer hardware.
The purpose of an Operating system is to provide an
environment in which a user may execute
programs. The Primary goal of an O.S. is thus to
make the computer system convenient to use. A
Secondary goal is to use the computer hardware is
an efficient manner.
C o m p u t e r components
A computer system can be roughly divided
into four Components. User‟s
1. The Hardware. [CPU, Memory, I/O
devices]
2. The Operating System. Application programs
3. The Application programs. [Compilers,
data bases, business programs] Operating system.
4. The user‟s [People, Machines or Other
Computers] Computer Hardware
The Basic resources of a computer system
are provided by its hardware, software
& data.
W o r k i n g Of O p e r a t i n g
System..
Operating system works as a resource
allocator. The resources like CPU time,
Memory & File storage space, I/O devices
are allocated to the programs & user by
Operating system.
 An Operating system can be viewed as a
control program. It controls the
execution of user programs to prevent
errors & improper use of Computer.
 Operating system makes a provision of
security/confidentiality of information
to user‟s.
 Operating system eliminates duplicate
efforts in development of complicated
routines. Once these routines are
developed by system developer,
Some O p e r a t i n g
system’s
 Apple o p e r a t i n g system.

 L i n u x o p e r a t i n g system.
 W i n d o w s O p e r a t i n g system.
 UNIX o p e r a t i n g system.
 U b u n t u o p e r a t i n g system.
 Sun S o l a r i s o p e r a t i n g
system.
Overview o f Windows
XP.
The Introduction of Windows XP.
XP comes in Three versions-
 XP-Home

 XP-Professional

 XP-Media Center

They are all nearly the same. However, XP professional

contains more Corporate & Networking features, & Media
Center is designed to exploit multimedia connectivity by
allowing you to set up your TV through your computer.
Access & S e c u r i t y Aspects o f
Operating System..
The term security is defined as:
“Secure systems will control, through use of specific security
features, access to information that only authorized
individuals or processes operating on their behalf will have
access to read, write, create or delete.”
The elements of security are-
1. CONFIDENTIALITY
2. INTEGRITY
3. AVAILABILITY
Define Elements-
 Confidentiality-
Ensuring that the information is not accesses in an unauthorized
manner, i.e. by controlling read operations.
 Integrity-

Ensuring that the information is not emended or deleted in an

unauthorized manner, i.e. by controlling write operations.
 Availability-

Ensuring that the information is available to authorized users at

right time, i.e. by controlling read & delete operations &
ensuring fault recovery.
Microsoft ® Windows
XP to Microsoft Windows XP Professional, the
Welcome ® ®

new version of Windows that brings your PC to life!

Experience the best. Experience Windows XP.
Windows XP really delivers!
Just experience Windows XP for ourselves with the
help of some points.

Start Here

Safe and Easy Personal CUo

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M e di a
 S t a r t H e re
Microsoft Windows was born out of the Microsoft Disk
Operating System (MS-DOS) world.
Windows XP features friendly new screens,
simplified menus, and a whole lot more. Discover the fresh,
streamlined design of Windows XP. Get acquainted with key
tasks and basic commands.
Microsoft 1st introduced an operating environment
named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-
DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user
interface [GUIs]
Safe and Easy P e r s o n a l
Computing..
Windows XP makes personal computing easy and
enjoyable! Power, performance, a bright new look, and
plenty of help when you need it. Windows XP has it all,
along with unmatched dependability and security.
Unlock t h e W o r l d o f
D i g i t a l Media..
Unlock the exciting world of digital media at home, at work,
and on the Internet. Enjoy photography, music, videos,
computer games, and more.
The Connected Home and
O ff i c e
Share files, photos, music, even a printer and Internet
connection—all on a network that is private and secure.
Best f o r
Business..
With Windows XP, you get the proven dependability of
Microsoft Windows 2000, enhanced for high-speed
performance and even greater reliability.
U s i n g Operating System.
 In this section, we will look at the Microsoft GUI from the ground
up, beginning with a detailed look at its key components & ending
with an exploration of basic tasks common across Windows Vista,
XP & 2000.
Let us Know about Some Important Components of O.S.
 Windows GUI

 My Computer

 My Networks Places

 Control Panel

 The Windows Registry

 Virtual Memory
Graphical U s e r Interface
[GUI]
Earlier computers were used by certain people who were computer
literates. The operating system used to have a set of cryptic commands. To
perform an operation, user need to type command. User were expected to
remember command & its meaning. Lateron the use of personal computers
widely spreads over.
 The Human-computer interface was a problem are using computers.
Attempts were made to replace commands by graphics. The interfaces
which replaces cryptic commands by their graphical representation are
called „Graphical User Interface‟ [GUI].
 The first GUI was developed by Xerox corporation for their xerox star
computer. This interface was used by Apple computers in their Macintosh
personal computers. It was hit among users. Microsoft developed GUI
called MS-Windows, for IBM personal computers. Now various GUIs for
Unix-based systems are also available.
M y Computer-
 The My Computer icon, it displays a list of all the
disk drivers installed in your computer. Its displays
an icon for the Control Panel & printers folders,
which can be used to configure the system.
 In windows XP, all the disk devices are sorted into
categories such as Hard Disk Drives, Devices with
Storages Device
 The computer will manage management interface,
interface of all drives, partitions etc.
M y N e t w o r k Places..
 Another icon in Windows relates to accessing
other computers to which the local computer is
connected it‟s called My Network Places.
 Opening My Network Places enables you to
browse for & access other computers & shared
resources to which your computer is connected.
 The might be another computer in a workgroup,
domain, or other network Environment. In
short you would learn about networking in
detail.
Control Panel-
 Although for most IMP part the Windows system
is functional from the time it is Control Panel,
Windows environment has a large number of
utilities that are intended to give you control over
the computer & feel, enjoy the desktop or
computer life.
 It can be used to choose or change windows
settings & schemes in the applications.
 Control panel manages all configuration of
computer Operating system.
T h e Wi n d o w s Registry..
 Windows configuration information is stored in a
special configuration database known as the
Registry.
 This centralized database contains environmental
settings for various Windows programs. It also
contains registration information that details which
types of file extensions are associated with which
applications.
Vi r t u a l Memory-
 Another thing you may need to configure is Virtual
Memory.
 Virtual Memory uses what‟s called as swap file, or
paging file. A swap file is actually hard drives space
into which the pieces of programs are placed, while
other active parts of programs are kept in or swapped
into main memory.
 Virtual memory actually is RAM, means its still behind
on windows (Desktop) its stored as physical memory
when the user must save it an computer.
File System’s
Windows XP professional supports three file
system:

 File Allocation Table [FAT 16]

 File Allocation Table [FAT 32]
 New Technology File System [NTFS]
File System
Se lfactor
Another ecti on: your disk-partitioning scheme is the type of File
that determines
System.

 FAT 16-
FAT16 (originally just FAT) is the 16-bit file system widely used by DOS &
Windows 3x. FAT16 tracks where files are stored on a disk using a file allocation
table
& a directory entry table. The Disadvantages of FAT16 are that it supports
partitions only up to 2GB & it does not offer the security features of NTFS. The
advantages of FAT is that it is backward compatible, which is important if the
computer will be dual-booted with another operating system, such as DOS, Unix,
Linux, OS 2 or
Windows. Almost all PC operating systems read FAT16 partitions.
Continue-
 FAT32-
FAT32 is the 32-bit version of FAT, which was first introduced in 1996 with
Windows 95, with OEM [Original Equipment Manufacturer] Service Release 2
[OSR2]. With FAT32, disk partitions can be large as 2TB (terabytes). It has more
fault-tolerance features than FAT16 & also improves disk-space usage by reducing
the size of clusters. However, it lacks several of the file encryption, disk quotas,
&
compression.
If you choose to use FAT , Windows XP Professional will automatically
format the partition wit FAt16 if the partition is less than 2GB, it will be
automatically partitioned as FAT32.
Continue-
 NTFS-
NTFS is a file system designed to provide additional features for Windows NT,
Windows 2000, Windows XP & Windows Server 2003 computers. Some of
the
features NTFS offers include the following:
 The ability to set local security on files & folders.
 The option to compress data. This feature reduces disk-storage requirements.
 The flexibility to assign disk quotas. Disk quotas are used to limit the amount
of
disk space a user can use.
 The option to encrypt files. Encryption offers an additional level of security.

Unless you are planning on dual-booting your computer to an operating

The F e a t u r e s Of W i n d o w s
XP
o Easier to Use
o Faster
o True web
Integration
o More entertaining
Easier to U s e
 Windows XP is single user multitasking operating
system. Navigating around your computer is easier
in Windows XP. U can open a file by single click.
You can use multiple monitors with a single
computer.
 Installation of New Hardware is easy because
Windows XP supports the universal serial bus
[USB], This is allowing you to plug in new hardware
& use it immediately without restarting your
computer. With Windows XP we can use digital
cameras & digital imaging devices.
Faster
 Windows & programs open faster than ever
before. By using maintenance wizard, the
computer speed & efficiency can be
improved.
You can use FAT16, FAT32 & NTFS file
system to store files more efficiently & save
Hard disk space. & it‟s Works user friendly &
processing commands faster.
True We b Integration
 Using world wide web is easier & faster. The
connection to web is simple. Web pages can
be viewed in any window. You can make your
favorite web page. In Microsoft outlook
express you can send e-mail & post
messages to Internet newsgroup.
 The conference on Internet can be arranged.
M o r e Entertaining
 Windows XP supports DVD & digital
audio, you can play high quality digital
movies & audio on the Computer, The
Television broadcast also be observed on
Computer.
Services in Operating System
The Operating system provides certain services
to programs & to the users of those
programs. There are three major categories
of services:
o Information management [IM]

o Process management [PM]

o Memory management [MM]

Information Management (IM)
Information management refers to a set of services used for storing
retrieving, modifying or removing the information on various devices. These
system services manages the organization of information in terms of
directories & files, allocating & deallocating the sectors to various
files, ensuring right people have access to the information & driving Various
devices.
Some of the system call in IM are listed below-
1. Create a file /directory.
2. Open & Close file (for read, write or both)
3. Read a data from a Buffer.
4. Create a Link.
5. Change working Directory.
Process Management (PM)
In multiuser operating system, a number of users located at different terminals
run he same or different programs. A computer has only one CPU & it can
execute only one instruction belonging to any one of all these programs. In
such case, the Operating system has to keep track of all running programs,
called as PROCESS.
Some of the system calls in PM are listed below-
1. Block /Ready /Dispatch /Suspend /Resume a process.
2. Change the priority of a process.
3. Terminate a process.
4. Wait for a child process to continue or terminate.
5. Create a child process identical to the parent.
6. Delay a process.
Memory Management (MM)
The services provided under memory management are directed
to keeping track of memory & allocating / deallocating it to
various processes. The Operating system keeps a list of free
memory locations. Before a program is loaded in the memory
from the Disk, the MM consults this free list, allocates the
memory to the process & updates the list of free memory. The
memory allocated to process depends on the program Size.
The system calls in this categories are listed below-
1. Allocate a chunk of memory to process.
2. Free chunk of memory from a process.
Thank You