THE CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR

PHILOSOPHIES
GROUP 3
RAINIER MENTOY , MERRY JOY C. CEMPRON
JARMAINE MARK FONTARUM, DJCRES ESPOSO
ILYS TOUIE GORNE , GEORGINA DIAMANTE,
TRIXIE DEGUZMAN
 SOCRATES
Socrates was a Greek philosopher from
Athens who is credited as a founder of
Western philosophy and the first moral
philosopher of the Western ethical
tradition of thought.
-Socrates believed that philosophy should
achieve practical results for the greater
well-being of society
-His most famous student was Plato who
would honor his name through the
establishment of a school in Athens (Plato's
Academy)
 SOCRATES
-Socrates believed in an ethical system based
on human logic and reason.
-He developed the “Socratic Method” where
he would get a person to make a hypothesis
and then ask a series of questions in order to
test the logic of their question.
-Socrates advocated self-understanding and
felt so strongly about it that he deemed it
more important than any other pursuit in
life.
-For Socrates, the worst kind of ignorance
was the kind that masquerades as
knowledge.
 PLATO
• Plato was an Athenian philosopher
during the Classical period in Ancient
Greece, founder of the Platonist school
of thought and the Academy, the first
institution of higher learning in the
Western world.
• In metaphysics Plato envisioned a
systematic, rational treatment of the
forms and their interrelations starting
with the most fundamental among them
(the Good, or the One)
 PLATO
• Plato believed the power of The Good
happens when people are in service to
others by expressing love, compassion,
and empathy
• Plato believed that the perfect state
would contain four qualities: wisdom,
courage, self-discipline and justice.
• Plato maintains a virtue-based
eudaemonistic conception of ethics.
 A ristotle
Aristotle was a G r e e k p h i l o s o p h e r a n d p o l y m a t h
d u r i n g t h e Classical p e r i o d i n A n c i e n t G r e e c e .
Ta u g h t b y Plato, h e was t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e Ly c e u m ,
t h e P e r i p a t e t i c s c h o o l o f p h i l o s o p h y, a n d t h e
Aristotle Ari st oteli an t r a d i t i o n .
proposed there
were three T h e e t h i c s o f ar i s t o t l e a r e t el eol og ical ( f r o m t h e g r e e k
principles used telos, w h i c h m e a n s e n d ) h e is c o n c e r n e d w i t h a c t i o n ,
in making an n o t as b e i n g r i g h t i n itself i r r e s p e c t i v e o f a n y o t h e r
argument: c o n s i d e r a t i o n , b u t w i t h a c t i o n as c o n d u c i v e t o m a n ' s
ethos, pathos, good
a n d logos.
 Aristotle a r g u e d t h a t v i r t u e s a r e g o o d h a b i t s t h a t w e
acquire, which regulate o u r Emotions.
A n a l y z i n g 11 specific v i r t u e s ( n a m e l y : c o u r a g e ,
t e m p e r a n c e , liberality, m a g n i f i c e n c e , h o n o r, g o o d
t e m p e r, fr ie n d li ne ss, t r u t h f u l n e s s , wit, f r i e n d s h i p , a n d
justice), Aristotle a r g u e d t h e m o s t v i r t u e s fall a t a m e a n
b e t w e e n m o r e e x t r e m e c h a r a c t e r traits.
A c c o r d i n g t o Aristotle, it is n o t a n e a s y task t o f i n d t h e
p e r f e c t m e a n b e t w e e n e x t r e m e c h a r a c t e r traits.

Aristotle's ethics, o r s t u d y o f c h a r a c t e r, is b u i l t a r o u n d t h e
p r e m i s e t h a t p e o p l e s h o u l d a c h i e v e a n e x c e l l e n t c h a r a c t e r (a
v i r t u o u s c h a r a c t e r, "ethikē aretē" i n G r e e k ) as a p r e - c o n d i t i o n
for attaining happiness o r well-being (eudaimonia).

G o l d e n M e a n - M o r a l b e h a v i o r is t h e m e a n b e t w e e n t w o
e x t r e m e s - a t o n e e n d is excess, a t t h e o t h e r d e f ic i e n c y. F i n d
a m o d e r a t e position between those two extremes, a n d y o u
will b e a c t i n g m o r a l l y.
 Confucius
C o n f u c i u s wa s a C h i n e s e p h i l o s o p h e r a n d p ol i t i c i a n o f t h e
S p r i n g a n d A u t u m n p e r i o d w h o was t r a d i t i o n a l l y
c o n s i d e r e d t h e p a r a g o n o f C h i n e s e sages.
Confucius c h a m p i o n e d i m p o r t a n t principles of ethics a n d
G o l d e n Rule: politics, i n a t i m e w h e n t h e g r e e k s w e r e a d v o c a t i n g
"Do n o t i m p o s e i d e n t i c a l thi ngs.
o n others what
you do not H i s i d e a o f d e m o c r a c y as w r i t t e n i n h i s a n a l e c t s is t h a t t h e
wish for b e s t g o v e r n m e n t is o n e t h a t r u l e s t h r o u g h rites a n d t h e
yourself." p e o p l e ' s n a t u r a l m o r a l i t y, r a t h e r t h a n b y u s i n g b r i b e r y a n d
coercion.
Confucius believed that leaders were expected to rule
i n a w a y t h a t is just a n d m o r a l . T h i s v i e w o f p r a c t i c e
could have the potential to create entrepreneurs w h o
p e r f o r m et h ic a l b u s i n e s s pra ct ic e.
T h e c o n c e p t s o f r e s p e c t f o r a u t o n o m y, b e n e f i c e n c e ,
n o n - m a l e f i c e n c e , a n d justice a n d t h e m o r a l v a lu e s o f
t h e s e f o u r p r i m a facie p r i n c i p l e s h a v e b e e n
e x p r e s s l y i d e n t i f i e d i n C o n f u c i u s ' ethics.

T h e w o r l d l y c o n c e r n o f C o n f u c i a n i s m rests u p o n t h e
bel ief t h a t h u m a n b e i n g s a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y g o o d , a n d
teachable, improvable, a n d perfectible t h r o u g h
p e r s o n a l a n d c o m m u n a l e n d e a v o r, especially self-
cultivation a n d self-creation

T h e Fi ve C o n s t a n t Vi rt u e s m e a n t h e C o n f u c i a n v i r t u e s o f
b e n e v - o l e n c e ( r e n 仁 ), r i g h t e o u s n e s s (yi 義 ), p r o p r i e t y (li
義 ), w i s d o m (zhi 智 ), a n d t r u s t w o r t h i n e s s (xin 信 ).
 Immanuel Kant
and
Utilitarianism as an example of a
Consequentialist Theory
• Made the Kantian Ethics Immanuel Kant ( April 22, 1724 – February 12,
• Made Kantianism 1804 )
• Made the Critique of
Immanuel Kant is a son of a saddler. Enrolled in
Pure Reason, Critique of
Collegium Fridericianum
Judgement and Critique
In 1732 when he was 8 years old. In 1740 he enrolled
of Practical Reason
in the University of
EDUCATION:
Königsberg. In 1749, he published his first book
• Collegium
( Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der
Fridericianum ( 1732 –
lebendigen Kräfte ) , became a Lecurer in 1755 and
1740 )
was appointed as a full professor of Logic and
• University of
Metaphysics in 1770. In the following years, he
Königsberg ( 1740 –
published his famous books; Critique of Pure Reason
1770 )
( 1781 ), Critique of Practical Reason ( 1788 ) and the
Critique of Judgement ( 1790 ).
Kantian Ethics
• A group of principles that apply to all human beings
• Hypothetical Imperatives
• Categorical Imperatives

Categorical Imperatives
• Four Versions
• Group of rules or moral laws
• “Treat people as an end, and never as means to an end”
Utilitarianism as an example of a Consequenialist Theory

Utilitarianism Consequentialism
• Our actions are • Our action is considered right
considered right, as long or wrong depending on the
as they benefit outcome
• Consequentialist Moral
Theory
 Utilitarianism as an example of a Consequenialist Theory
18th Century
• Consequentialist Theories became popular
• Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham ( February 15, 1748 – June 6, 1832 )

• Act Utilitarianism
• Hedonistic Utilitarianism
Act Utilitarianism
• Use actions for a greater benefit, rather than wasting it
• Actions are right/permissible as long as it benefits more
• Revised by John Stuart Mill
Rule Utilitarianism
• Rules are considered right, as long as it’s consequences are favorable
• Offers methods for judging someone’s behavior or actions
Hedonistic Utilitarianism
• The only consequence that matter are the ones that pleases us
• Criticized
• It’s only goal is pleasure
• Not all Consequences are pleasing
• Revised by George Edward Moore

Ideal Utilitarianism
• Pleasure isn’t always good

Preference Utilitarianism
• Maximize our satisfaction preferences
Thank you for listening!
 Thomas Aquinas was an Italian
Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic
priest, and Doctor of the Church. An
immensely influential philosopher,
theologian, and jurist in the tradition of
scholasticism, he is also known within
the latter as the Doctor Angelicus and
the Doctor Communis.

Thomas Aquinas
 St. Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of
the Scholastic philosophers. He
produced a comprehensive synthesis of
Christian theology and Aristotelian
philosophy that influenced Roman
Catholic doctrine for centuries and was
adopted as the official philosophy of
the church in 1917.

Thomas Aquinas
 Augustine of Hippo, also known as
Saint Augustine, was a theologian,
philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo
Regius in Numidia, Roman North
Africa.

He is one of the great Fathers of the

early Christian church; after a dramatic
conversion to Christianity, he became
bishop of Hippo Regius in North
Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's
need for grace (354-430)
Augustine
Examples of how belief systems
affect business practices
•Most of the studies of faith-based service organizations are based on
Olasky’s account of how the needs of the poor and destitute in America
were met prior to the New Deal and the rise of the welfare state.
• Olasky asserts that these previous modes of service delivery which
relied on the role of faith, faith based institutions and a “Lady
Benevolent” non-profit sector to provide social services allowed both
care providers and beneficiaries to develop a sense of individual and
community responsibility for correcting social ills.
•Compared to government and secular service providers, faith-based
organizations can offer a more holistic approach to meeting individuals
needs by proving caring staff and supportive networks
•Faith-based organizations obliges businessmen to struggle to succeed
in business while trying to live the life of a good businessmen.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!