VISUAL TESTING

IN
ASNT LEVEL II
 VISUAL TESTING

• ASME - SECTION 5 (NDT)

• SECTION 5 – ARTICLE 9 (VT)
 VT INTRODUCTION
• Visual Testing is the oldest and most widely
used form of inspection technique
• Here often the inspector’s eyes are the only
equipment used for the inspection
• VT is applicable to virtually any material , at
any stage of manufacture, at any point in its
service life
• Generally VT is the most preliminary stage
inspection. if an item fails in VT , one may not
further continue any NDT inspection or further
processing.
• Proper visual testing will enhance the
production , quality, profit and of course
customer’s satisfaction
 Why VT
• It is an old saying that prevention is better
than cure . VT does this only
• For Ex VT is used in the welding during every
stage from cradle to grave
• Most NDT tests ultimately involve visual tests-
a properly processed radiograph is useful only
when the radiographic interpreter has the
vision acuity required to interpret the image.
Similarly in the MT the accumulation of the
magnetic particles over the crack is to be done
by VT only
• VT uses the probing energy from the visible
portion of the Electro Magnetic spectrum.
EYE & IT’S FUNCTIONS

Components of the Human Eye

 VISION TESTS
• Near vision acuity: J1 or J2, or at greater than 12 “ and
reduced snellian vision 20/20 at 16 “ or by orthorater
test.
• Far vision acuity is 20/20 snellian at 6 meter or 20 feet.
ASME code needs 20/20 or 20/30 vision .But it does not
specify whether it is for near vision or far vision.
• Normal is 20/20,Better is 20/10,worse is 20/30,worst
is 20/200
• 20/200 corrected in both eyes are legally blind.20/200
can be simulated by observing objects under water with
naked eye .Here 20/20 is considered as the base line.
• Reserve vision acuity: It refers to the ability of the
indudivial to maintain acuity under poor viewing
condition. 20/20 has more reserve vision acuity than
20/70
 RIGID BORESCOPES

• Adaptable to almost any existing equipment

• Clear sharp images
• Superior optics with multi-layered lens coatings
 BORESCOPE

• Rigid borescopes give higher quality images, are

easier to use and are less expensive than flexible
scopes of similar quality.
• Choose a rigid borescope unless the rigidity is a
problem. Then you need...
 VIDEO INSPECTION WITH YOUR
BORESCOPE

• Video allows you to inspect parts faster and more

comfortably, view images with others, and record
images for documentation or e-mail transmission.
You can display images on a color monitor, your PC
screen, or save them to a VCR or computer.
 Visual defects in forging
• Crack
• Unfilled Section
• Pit marks
• Dent marks
• Scale formation
• Fold
Unfilled Section
Valve body Crack
Crack in flange neck
Scale formation
Pit marks
After machining
Visual defects in casting

shrinkage
Unfilled section
Casting crack
Magnetic particle tesing in
UV Lamp
CRANE HOOK WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK
 GEAR WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 DRIVE SHAFT WITH
HEAT TREATMENT INDUCED CRACKS

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 SPLINED SHAFT WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACKS

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 THREADED SHAFT WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 CRANK SHAFT WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK NEAR LUBE
HOLE
 RADIOGRAPHIC
INDICATIONS FOR
CASTINGS
 porosity or blow holes
• Gas porosity or
blow holes are
caused by
accumulated gas or
air which is trapped
by the metal. These
discontinuities are
usually smooth-
walled rounded
cavities of a
spherical, elongated
or flattened shape.
 SHRINKAGE
• Shrinkage is a form of
discontinuity that
appears as dark spots
on the radiograph. 
• Shrinkage defects can
occur when standard
feed metal is not
available to
compensate
for shrinkage as the
thick metal solidifies.
CRACKS
 Sand inclusions
• Sand inclusions and
dross are nonmetallic
oxides, which appear on
the radiograph as
irregular, dark blotches.
These come from
disintegrated portions of
mold or core walls 
 Welding Gauge Hi-Lo

Welding Hi-Lo gauge. Measures internal misalignment, Fit-

up gap, Bevel on Pipe and Plate end preparation, Crown
height, and Pipe and Plate wall thickness.
Lack of cleanliness traps slags in the weld.
Undercut - A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld
toe or weld root and left unfilled by weld metal.
Clean weld but irregular melting of edges because of high welding
current produce undercuts.
Misalignment -
POROSITY
INCOMPLETE FUSION
OVERLAP
UNDERFILL
SPATTER
EXCESSIVE CONVEXITY
EXCESSIVE CONCAVITY
EXCESSIVE WELD
REINFORCEMENT
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION
&
EXCESSIVE PENETRATION