Dr. N. V.

Srikanth
EED
National Institute of Technology Warangal
• Thyristor controlled series capacitor consists of series
compensating capacitor shunted by a Thyristor controlled
reactor. The effective reactance of the whole combination
is given by XTCSC ().
• XTCSC () = XC*XL/(XL () – XC)
• Where XL () = XL*/( - 2 - sin ), XL  XL ()  
• Hence it is a capacitive reactive compensator, which
consists of a series capacitor bank controlled by a thyristor-
controlled reactor in order to provide a smoothly variable
series capacitive reactance. The impedance vs. delay angle
characteristics of TCSC is shown and the capacitor voltage
and current waveforms, together with TCR voltage and
current waveforms (steady-state operation in the capacitive
region) is shown.
Basic Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) scheme

The impedance vs. Delay angle characteristics of TCSC

Capacitor Voltage and current waveforms, together with TCR voltage and
current waveforms (steady-state operation in the capacitive region)
• A static synchronous generator operated without an external electric
energy source as a series compensator whose output voltage is in
quadrature with and controllable independently, of the line current for
the purpose of controlling the transmitted electric power. It is basically
a converter type of FACTS device and utilizes a voltage source converter
connected in series with the transmission line through a series booster
transformer as shown. The SSSC may include transiently rated energy
storage by additional temporary real power compensation, to increase
or decrease momentarily the overall real voltage drop across the line.
The operating range and the losses characteristics are shown.

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) functional diagram

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) operating range and losses (%)
 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

• A combination of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static series

compensator (SSSC) which are coupled via a common dc link, allow bi-directional
flow of real power between the series out put terminals of the SSSC and the
shunt output terminals of the STATCOM.

• They are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive line compensation
without an external electrical energy source.

• The UPFC, by means of angularly unconstrained series voltage injection, is able to

control, concurrently, or selectively, the transmission line voltage, impedance,
and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power flow in the line. The UPFC
may also provide independently controllable shunt reactive compensation.
 Basic Operating Principle and Characteristics

• The unified power flow controller (UPFC) was devised for the real-
time control and dynamic compensation of ac transmission systems,
providing multi-functional flexibility required to solve many of the
problems faced by the industry.

• From the conceptual viewpoint, the UPFC is a generalized

synchronous voltage source (SVC), respected at the fundamental
power system frequency by the voltage phasor VPQ with controllable
magnitude VPQ (0 ≤VPQ ≤ VPQmax) and angle (0 ≤ ρ ≤ 2π), in series with
the transmission line, in this arrangement the SVC generally
exchanges both reactive and real power with the transmission
system.

• Since, by definition, an SVC is able to generate only the reactive

power exchanged, the real power must be supplied to it, or
absorbed from it, by a suitable power supply or sink. In the UPFC
arrangements the real power the SVC exchange is provided by one
of the end buses.
UPFC arrangement by two back-to-back voltage sourced converters
• In the presently used practical implementation, the UPFC consists of two voltage
sourced converters using gate turn off (GTO) thyristor valve, as illustrated.

• These converters, labeled “converters 1” and “converter 2”, are operated from a
common dc link provided by a dc storage capacitor. This arrangement functions
as an ideal ac to ac power converter in which the real power can freely flow in
either direction between the ac terminals of the two converters, and each
converter can independently generate reactive power at its own ac output
terminals.

• Converter 2 provides the main function of the UPFC by injecting a voltage VPQ
with controllable magnitude │VPQ│and phase angle  in series with the line via an
insertion transformer.

• This injected voltage acts essentially as a synchronous ac voltage source. The

transmission line current flows through this voltage source resulting in reactive
and real power exchange between it and the ac system.

• The converter generates the reactive power and exchanges at the ac terminal
internally. The real power exchange at the ac terminals is converted in to dc
power, which appears at the dc link as a positive or negative real power demand.
• The basic function of converter 1 is to supply or absorb the real
power demanded by converter 2 at the common dc link. This dc link
power is converted back to ac and coupled to the transmission line
via a shunt-connected transformer.

• Converter 1 can also generate or absorb controllable reactive

power, if it is desired, and there by provide independent shunt
reactive compensation for the line.

• It is important to note that a closed direct path for the real power
negotiated by the action of series voltage injection through
converter 2 and back to line, the corresponding reactive power
exchange is supplied are absorbed locally by converter 1 and
therefore does not have to be transmitted by the line.

• Thus, converter 1 can be operated at unity power factor or can be

controlled to have a reactive power exchange with the line
independent of the real power exchange by converter 2. This means
that there is no reactive power flow through the UPFC.
Conventional Transmission and Control Capability

• Viewing the operation of the unified power flow

controller from the stand point of traditional power
transmission based on reactive shunt compensation,
series compensation, and phase shifting.

• The UPFC can fulfill all these functions and thereby meet
multiple control objectives by adding the injected voltages
VPQ, with appropriate amplitude and phase angle, to the
(sending end) terminal voltage VS.

• Using phase representation, the basic UPFC power flow

control functions are illustrated.
• (a) voltage regulation
• (b) line impedance compensation
• (c) phase shifting
• (d) simultaneous control of voltage, impedance and angle
• Range of transmittable real power P and receiving-end reactive
power demand Q, vs. transmission angle δ of a UPFC controlled
transmission line.
• Voltage regulation with continuously variable in-phase/anti-phase
voltage injection, for voltage increments ΔVPQ = ΔV (ρ=0).
Functionally this is similar to that obtainable with a transformer
tap-changer having infinitely small steps.

• For Series reactive compensation, where VPQ = Vq is injected in

quadrate with the line current I.

• Functionally this is similar to, but in more general with the

controlled series capacitive and inductive line compensation.

• This is because the UPFC injected series compensating voltage can

be kept constant, if desired, independent of line current variation,
where as the voltage across the series compensating (capacitive or
inductive) impedance varies with the line current.
• For Phase shifting (transmission angle regulation) VPQ = Vσ is
injected with an angular relationship with respect to VS that
achieves the desired σ phase shift (advance or retarded) with out
any change in magnitude.

• Thus the UPFC can function as a perfect phase shifter. From the
practical viewpoint, it is also important to note that, in contrast to
conventional phase shifters, the ac system does not have to supply
the reactive power the phase shifting process demands since it is
internally generated by the UPFC converter.

• Multi-functional power flow control, executed by simultaneous

terminal voltage regulation, series capacity line compensation, and
phase shifting, where VPQ = ΔV + Vq + Vσ. This functional capability is
unique to UPFC. No single conventional equipment has similar multi
functional capability.
• Various other Types of FACTS Controllers

• Advanced SVC.
• NGH-SSR Damper.
• Thyrister Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR).
• Thyrister Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS).
• Dynamic Voltage Limiters.
• Fault Current Limiters.
• Load Tap Changer.
• Ferro-Resonance Damper.
• Inter line power flow controllers (IPFC).

• Various FACTS devises are discussed along with their characteristics and
applications. Detailed analysis of SVC and UPFC is dealt as they are used in this
research work. The working principles and characteristics of various FACTS
devices clearly reveal the following conclusions.
• FACTS technology is a promising emerging technology with the objective of
deregulating the power system and to offer greater flexibility of power
transmission.
• FACTS technology reduces the cost of transmission by reducing the losses etc.
Hence it provides cheaper and reliable power to the consumer.
• It provides independent control and hence optimal utilization of existing
transmission networks.
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