Chemical

Reactions
 ‫س ْب َحا َن َك اَل ِع ْل َم َل َنا ِإاَّل َما َع َّل ْم َت َنا ۖ ِإ َّن َك َأ َ‬
‫نت ا ْل َعلِي ُم ا ْل َحكِي ُم‪ ‬‬ ‫ُ‬
‫اللهم فهم عنى فإنى ال أحسن التفهيم‬
‫وما رميت إذ رميت ولكن هللا رمى‬
‫رب اشرح لى صدرى ويسر لى أمرى واحلل عقدة من لسانى يفقهوا قولى‬
 Objectives
- Differentiate between chemical and physical changes
-Identify the parts of a chemical equation
-Explain the Law of conservation of mass with examples
-Demonstrate how the atoms are rearranged in a chemical reaction
- Explain burning process
- Explain the reactions between (metals + acids) & (Carbonates + Acids)
- Test for Hydrogen and Carbon dioxide
- Identify rusting
- Explain the causes of rusting
-Explain ways for rusting prevention
-Detecting chemical reactions by different signs
(Color, gas, heat, pH, precipitate)
If no new chemical substance is formed, it’s a physical
change
 Kitchen Creations
The kitchen is
where our food is
made and cooked.
But did you know it
is also home to
many scientific
reactions?
Watch this clip to
find out more about
the science of
cooking.
What happens when you heat up an egg?

What
changes do
you notice?

Can the
changes
be
reversed?
 Kitchen Creations
In the clip, we saw
eggs being cooked.
How did the eggs
change?

The egg shell is cracked, and the raw egg pours into the pan. As the
liquid egg white and yolk are heated, they start to change. The clear
liquid egg white firms up and becomes opaque white. It changes into a
solid. The orange liquid egg yolk also solidifies and turns lighter in colour.
 Kitchen Creations
Chemical changes involve reactants and products.
The reactants are the materials that you start off with,
before the chemical change happens.
The products are the materials that are formed in the chemical change.

What was the reactant and what was the product in the egg example?
What caused the chemical change?
 Kitchen Creations

The reactant The product

was the raw
egg. was the cooked egg.

Heat caused
the chemical
change to
occur.
What happens when you heat sweet potatoes?

What
changes do
you notice?

Can the
changes
be
reversed?
What happens when you place bread in front of a heat source?
 Kitchen Creations
Melting, freezing, evaporating, condensing and
The heat causes dissolving are examples of reversible physical
an irreversible changes.
chemical change
to occur.
The cooked egg
cannot be cooled
and turned back
into a raw egg.
It is a chemical
change because
a new product
has been made,
and irreversible
These are physical changes because no new
because it cannot
materials are created. They are reversible changes
be changed back.
because they can be changed back or reversed.
 Seeing Changes –
Mixing Milk and Vinegar
Mix 250ml of warm milk with a
tablespoon of white vinegar.

What do you observe?

As you mix the vinegar with the milk, it begins to curdle. It separates into
clumps of solids floating in thin watery liquid.
Strain the mixture to separate the solids from the liquid.
The solids you are left with are a new material. This chemical reaction
has created a form of plastic called casein plastic.
The casein plastic can be moulded into shapes and left to dry.
 Seeing Changes –
Mixing Milk and Vinegar
Casein plastic was quite
common from the early
1900s until about 1945.
It was used to make
buttons, decorative
buckles, beads and
other jewellery, fountain
pens, the backings for
hand-held mirrors, and
fancy comb and brush
sets.
What happens when you mix bicarbonate of soda and vinegar?

+
 Activity
2
1. Wear safety glasses.

2. Place 50g of bicarbonate of soda in a

balloon (use a cardboard cone).

3. Place 50ml of vinegar in a bottle. 4

4. Carefully stretch the neck of the balloon

over the bottle without letting any of the
bicarbonate of soda spill in the bottle.

5. Lift up the balloon to tip the powder into

the vinegar.

6. Repeat with double the bicarbonate of

soda and vinegar.
 Seeing Changes – Mixing
Bicarbonate of Soda and Vinegar

What did you observe?

As you mix the vinegar with the bicarbonate of soda, they react with each other.
They create a new material - carbon dioxide. It is this gas that causes the
bubbles in the froth that you can see.
The carbon dioxide gas spreads out to blow up the balloon.

Carbon dioxide is a
useful gas. It is
dissolved in liquid to
create fizzy drinks, it
is used to cool food
on aeroplanes and
trains, and it is used in
fire extinguishers to
put out fires.
 When Elements Combine

sodium
Sodium is a silver-coloured metal
that is soft enough to cut with a
knife.
It is very reactive and reacts violently
with water.
chlorine
Chlorine is a poisonous,
yellow-green gas with a strong smell.
It was used as a chemical weapon in
the First World War.

What do you think will happen when these elements react?

Suggest the properties of the substance that would be produced.
 When Elements Combine
When sodium and chlorine react, they chemically combine to form
sodium chloride.
Sodium chloride is a compound.

Sodium chloride is a white crystalline

solid that dissolves in water.
It is commonly added to food.

The properties of the compound are very different to the properties

of the original elements.

Compound: A substance formed when two or more different

elements are chemically bonded together.
 Iron and Sulfur Demonstration

iron sulfur

Dark grey particles which are Yellow powder which is not

attracted to a magnet. attracted to a magnet.
Iron and Sulfur Demonstration

iron sulfur

a mixture of iron and sulfur

Iron and Sulfur Demonstration
Mixture: A substance consisting of two or more substances not
chemically combined together.

The two elements (iron and sulfur) have been

mixed. They are not chemically combined.

They have the same properties as they did

before they were mixed.

A magnet can be used to separate the iron

from the mixture.
 Mixtures
When the elements iron and sulfur are mixed, the two substances are not
chemically joined together. This is called a mixture.

a mixture of iron
iron sulfur and sulfur

In a mixture:
•The different substances are not chemically joined together.
•You can vary the amount of each substance. For example, you could add more
or less iron to the mixture.
•Each substance keeps its own properties.
•Each substance can be easily separated from the mixture.
Iron and Sulfur Demonstration

When iron and sulfur are heated in a flame,

they chemically combine to form a new
substance: iron sulfide.

Iron sulfide is a compound.

The properties of the compound are different

to the properties of the original elements.

The iron sulfide forms a solid, black lump.

You can no longer separate the iron from the

sulfur with a magnet.
 Compounds
When the elements iron and sulfur react they combine (bond) to make a new
substance called a compound. The compound is called iron sulfide.

+
iron sulfur iron sulfide

In a compound:
•The different elements are chemically joined together.
•You cannot vary the amount of each element. This means iron sulfide
will always contain equal amounts of iron and sulfur.
•The compound has different properties from the elements it is made
from.
•The elements can only be separated using chemical reactions.
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
element element mixture

iron sulfur iron and sulfur

element element compound

+
iron sulfur iron sulfide
Element, Compound or Mixture?
elements compounds mixtures
 True or False?
Use what you have learnt to decide whether these questions are
true or false. After you have made your decisions click on the
questions to see if you were correct.

Heating materials An irreversible

Melting chocolate
False
is an irreversible
change.
False
always causes
reversible True
change is one that
cannot be
changes. changed back.

Irreversible
Reversible Baking bread is
False
changes create
new materials.
True
changes can
create useful True
an irreversible
change.
materials.
 Think pair share p. 108
1- Imagine that you drop a glass beaker and it breaks.
A- Has a new substance been formed
🡪No new substance has been formed.
B- Is this a physical change, or a chemical change?
🡪It is a physical change.
2- In the reaction between iron and sulfur, what are the reactants and the
products?
🡪 reactants: Iron & Sulfur
products: Iron sulfide
 Chemical Formulae
The chemical symbol for iron is Fe.
The chemical symbol for sulfur is S.

For every atom of iron in iron sulfide, there is one atom of sulfur.

So the chemical formula of the compound is FeS.

S Fe S Fe

Fe S Fe S

S Fe S Fe
 Chemical Formulae
The chemical symbol for carbon is C.
The chemical symbol for oxygen is O.

Carbon dioxide is a compound made up

of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen.

So the chemical formula of the compound is CO2.

The number 2 is written subscript (this means it is smaller and written below the
line).

The number always comes after the atom it refers to. It tells us how many atoms
of that element are present in the compound.

If there are no numbers after an element symbol, we know there is only one atom
of that element in the compound.
 Chemical Formulae
The chemical symbol for hydrogen is H.
The chemical symbol for oxygen is O.

Water is a compound made up of two atoms of

hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

What is the chemical formula for water?

The chemical formula for water is H2O.
H2 O2 H 2O
hydrogen oxygen water

CO2 CH4
carbon dioxide methane
Which of the molecules are elements and which are compounds?

Atom Colours
hydrogen (H2) oxygen (O2) water (H2O) hydrogen
element element compound
oxygen

carbon

carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4)

compound compound
Starter: Chemical Formulae
1. Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. What is the chemical
formula of water? H2O

2. Sulfuric acid contains two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom and four oxygen
atoms. What is the chemical formula of sulfuric acid? H2SO4

3. Carbon monoxide contains one carbon atom and one oxygen atom. What is the
chemical formula of carbon monoxide? CO

4. Ammonia contains one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms. What is the
chemical formula of ammonia? NH3

5. Hydrochloric acid contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom. What is
the formula of hydrochloric acid? HCl
 Chemical Formulae
Compound Formula Number of Elements Number of Atoms

ammonia NH3 2 4

methane CH4 2 5

sodium chloride NaCl 2 2

calcium carbonate CaCO3 3 5

sulfuric acid H2SO4 3 7

sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 4 6

acetic acid CH3COOH 3 8

 Chemical Formulae
Compound Number of Atoms Formula
1 atom of hydrogen and 1
hydrochloric acid HCl
atom of chlorine
2 atoms of carbon and 4 C2 H 4
ethene
atoms of hydrogen
Al2O3
2 atoms of aluminium and 3
aluminium oxide
atoms of oxygen
HNO3
1 atom of hydrogen, 1 atom
nitric acid of nitrogen and 3 atoms of
oxygen NaOH

1 atom of sodium, 1 atom of

sodium hydroxide oxygen and 1 atom of
C6H12O6
hydrogen
6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms
 Think Pair Share p. 111
Compare the melting points of magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide
🡪 Magnesium oxide is the highest (2800 0C),
Oxygen is the lowest (-214 0C),
Magnesium is in between (651 0C)
Find one similarity between magnesium oxide and one of the reactants
🡪 Both are solid at room temperature
For each of the photographs below, say if it is a physical change or a
chemical change and explain.
🡪a- Chemical change: can’t be reversed
🡪B- Physical change: reversible, no new substance is formed
🡪C- Chemical change: Irreversible
🡪D- Physical change: reversible, no new substance is formed
🡪E- Chemical change: Irreversible
🡪F- Chemical change: Irreversible, new substance is formed
 Counting Atoms
The chemical compound is carbon
dioxide and it contains 1 carbon
atom and 2 oxygen atoms.

Count the number of elements in each of the chemical compounds.

The chemical compound is

magnesium sulfate and it contains
1 magnesium atom, 1 sulfur atom
and 4 oxygen atoms.

Extension Question

What is the name of each chemical compound?

 Chemical Equations
• Chemical equations are a simple way to describe how different chemicals are
made in a chemical reaction.
• The equation tells us which chemicals are reacted together. These are called the
reactants and are found on the left-hand side of the equation.

• Chemistry is like baking. Imagine we are making a cake. The following ingredients
would be our reactants:

• The equation tells us which chemicals are formed. These are called the products
and are found on the right-hand side of the equation.
• Our product is the thing that we have made. If chemistry is like baking then our
product would be a cake.
Equations for chemical
reactions
reactant
The starting materials in a chemical reaction.

product
The compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

chemical equation
A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction; reactants are represented
on the left and products on the right.
 Think Pair Share p. 112

magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen

What are the reactants in the 1st equation above?
🡪Magnesium, Hydrochloric acid

zinc + sulfuric acid → zinc sulfate + hydrogen

What are the products formed when you react zinc with sulfuric acid?
🡪 Zinc sulfate, Hydrogen
 Chemical Equations
• The simplest type of equation is a word equation. A word equation uses words
to describe the reaction.

• For example, in a reaction vessel, lithium and fluorine are reacted together
to produce lithium fluoride.

• What would the word equation be for this reaction?

lithium + fluorine 🡺 lithium fluoride

• However, scientists often use symbol equations. Symbol equations give us

more detail as they not only show the type of atoms that are present in the
reaction but also how many.
Equation (Reactants 🡪 Products)

Word equation Symbol equation

Carbon + oxygen 🡪 carbon dioxide

C + O2 🡪 CO2

Hydrogen + Oxygen 🡪 water

H2 + O2 🡪 2H2O
 Naming Compounds
In chemical equations, reactants react together to form products. The
products formed are compounds.
Example
magnesium (element) + oxygen (element) 🡺 magnesium oxide (compound)

Naming chemical compounds depends upon a set of rules:

1. If a compound name ends in the suffix ‘–ide’, this usually indicates that it
contains only two elements.

Example
sodium + oxygen 🡺 sodium oxide

2. If a compound name ends in the suffixes ‘–ate’ or ‘–ite’, this usually indicates
that it contains three or more elements. Of the three elements, oxygen is
always one of them.
Example
iron + bromine + oxygen 🡺 iron bromate
 Think pair share p.109
Inside your digestive system, protein molecules are broken down into amino acid
molecules.
A- Has a new substance been formed?
🡪 yes
B- Has a chemical reaction taken place?
🡪 Yes
Respiration is a chemical reaction. You can see the word equation in p.46
Glucose + Oxygen 🡪 Carbon dioxide + Water
What are the reactants?
🡪 Glucose, Oxygen
What are the products?
🡪 Carbon dioxide, water
Name a chemical equation that happens in plants but not in animals.
🡪 Photosynthesis
 Conservation of Mass
What is conversation of mass?

During a chemical reaction, what goes in must come out.

Example
2Mg + O2 🡺 2MgO
 Conservation of Mass
In a chemical reaction, mass is never lost or gained. What goes in must come out -
the total mass of the reactants at the beginning of the chemical reaction must
equal the total mass of the products made at the end of the reaction.

For example, we can use building blocks to represent the atoms in a chemical
reaction. Atoms, like building blocks, can be completely rearranged but the total
mass of the atoms will stay the same. Rearranging the building blocks in different
structures takes a little energy - just like in a chemical reaction.
 Conservation of Mass
In a closed system, the mass in a
chemical reaction will remain
constant. In an open system,
changes in mass can occur.
In this closed system (the classroom), the mass
in the reaction remains constant. As the system
is closed, no children can leave or enter.

For example, if a gas is released and

escapes from an open system, the
total mass will look as if it has
decreased. Similarly, if a gas is gained,
the total mass will look as if it has
increased. The total mass will remain
the same only if the mass of the gas is In this open system (the classroom), the mass
accounted for. in the reaction can change as children can
leave or enter the classroom.
No atoms are created nor
destroyed; they are just rearranged.

However, in reality, it is not always

possible to get the exact calculated
product from a chemical reaction. Not
all reactions react as expected. Some
reversible reactions may not react
fully.
 Think pair share p.114
Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid 🡪 Calcium chloride + Water + Carbon
dioxide
Look back at the reaction between Calcium Carbonate and hydrochloric
acid, on page 113.
A- which product of this reaction contains the element calcium?
🡪 Calcium chloride
B- Which reactant contains the element hydrogen?
🡪 Hydrochloric acid
C- which product contains the element hydrogen?
🡪Water
D- Which reactant contains the element carbon?
🡪 Calcium Carbonate
E- Which product contains the element carbon?
🡪Carbon dioxide
 Guess
?

H2 + O2 🡪 2H2O
 Think pair share p. 114
Water 🡪 Hydrogen + Oxygen
2H2O 🡪 2H2 + O2
Look at the reaction in which water is broken down to hydrogen and oxygen,
on page 83.
A- what kind of atoms are present at the start of the reaction?
🡪 Hydrogen and Oxygen
B- How many of each kind of atom are present at the start of the reaction?
🡪 There are four atoms of hydrogen for every two atoms of oxygen at the
start of the reaction.
C- What kind of atoms are present at the end of the reaction?
🡪 Hydrogen and Oxygen
D- How many of each kind of atom are present at the end of the reaction?
🡪 There are four atoms of hydrogen for every two atoms of oxygen at the
end of the reaction.
What happens when you burn a candle?

What part of the candle burns?

Blow out the candle and hold a

flame back to the wick without
touching it what happens?

What does this tell you about

what is burning?
What happens when you burn a match?

What do you notice when the match

burns?

What do you notice is left after the

match has burned?
 Combustion (burning):
reaction with oxygen in the air 🡪
sometimes ashes are formed, the new
substances in ashes are oxides
Magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide, a
white solid

Mg (s) + O2 (g) 🡪 MgO (s)

Practical Investigation
In your
Step 4 –groups, youcrucible
Place the will needand
to collect
lid on the
topfollowing
of the
piecesclay
pipe of equipment:
triangle and heat strongly with a blue
flame for five minutes.
crucible and lid, Bunsen burner, tripod, pipe clay
triangle, heatproof mat, tongs,begins
top pan crucible
Step 5 – Once the magnesium tobalance,
burn, the
2cm strip of magnesium.
magnesium will glow a bright white. Using tongs, pipe clay
magnesium
triangle
lift the lid for a moment so that you are able to
Step 1 – Place a 2cm strip of magnesium ribbon into a
observe the reaction taking place. Do not stare
crucible and place the crucible lid on top.
directly at the burning magnesium.
tripod Bunsen
Step 2 – Place the crucible containing the magnesium burner
Step 6 – Turn
onto the offbalance
top pan the gasand
andrecord
leave the
the mass
equipment
in the
to cool down for at least 20 minutes to avoid
results table. Be sure to include the lid of the crucible
injury.
in your measurement. Before taking the
measurement ensure you tare the balance.
Step 7 – Measure the mass again.
Step 3 – Place the Bunsen burner on top of a
heatproof
Step mat. Position
8 – Record a tripod
the values overtable.
in your the Bunsen heatproof mat
burner so that the barrel of the Bunsen burner is in
the centre of triangle. Place the pipe clay triangle on
top of the tripod.
Conclusion and Evaluation
Conclusion

What did you find out from the practical? How could you use your results to support your
answer?

Evaluation

If you were asked to complete the practical again, what would you do to improve it?
 Antoine Lavoisier
A French scientist called Antoine
Lavoisier carried out this experiment
in 1772. He repeated it many times
and found he had an increase in
mass every time. He could not
explain why this happened. Finally, he
came up with the idea that when
something burns it combines with
a gas from the air. He also found
that the gas from the air that is
involved in burning is involved in
respiration as well. He named this
gas oxygen.
 Think pair share p. 117

What type of change takes place in the crucible experiment described

above?
🡪Chemical change (Because of combustion of magnesium)
(The change taking place in the crucible is a burning reaction)
 Think pair share p. 110
1 Describe what happens to the magnesium ribbon.
🡪 The ribbon burns very brightly, with a white flame.
2 Describe what has been formed.
🡪 The product of the reaction is a white, powdery substance.
3 Name the reactants in this chemical reaction.
🡪 The reactants are magnesium and oxygen.
4 List all the safety precautions you need to take while carrying out this
experiment.
🡪 Hold the burning magnesium ribbon at arm’s length
so that it is as far away from your body as possible.
Do not look directly at the flame as it could damage your eyes.
Do not touch the magnesium oxide until it has cooled.
 Think pair share p.115
Chinau reacts 37 g of magnesium with 150 g of sulfuric acid.
What will be the total mass of the products of this reaction?
🡪187 g

If Chinau starts with 10 g of magnesium, how much magnesium will be

present in the magnesium sulfate?
🡪 10 g
 Reaction with acids
Acid + Metal 🡪 salt + Hydrogen
(test for hydrogen)

Acid + Carbonate 🡪 Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

(Test for Carbon dioxide)
Iron + Hydrochloric acid 🡪 Iron chloride + Hydrogen

Test for hydrogen:

Lightened splint
Result:
Pop sound
Explanation:
Hydrogen (Burns) with a
pop sound,
it reacts with oxygen
Hydrogen + Oxygen 🡪
Water
Zinc + Sulfuric acid 🡪 Zinc Sulfate + Hydrogen

Test for
hydrogen:
Lightened splint
Result:
Pop sound
Explanation:
Hydrogen (Burns) with
a pop sound,
it reacts with oxygen
Hydrogen + Oxygen 🡪
Water
 Word Equations
Acid Being Reacted Name of Salt Produced
hydrochloric acid (HCl) - chloride
sulfuric acid (H2 SO4 ) - sulfate Click
nitric acid (HNO3 ) - nitrate

Have a go at completing the word equations below.

1. magnesium + hydrochloric acid 🡺 magnesium chloride + hydrogen

2. magnesium + sulfuric acid 🡺 magnesium sulfate+ hydrogen

3. magnesium + nitric acid 🡺 magnesium nitrate + hydrogen

4. sodium + hydrochloric acid 🡺 sodium chloride + hydrogen

5. sodium + sulfuric acid 🡺 sodium sulfate+ hydrogen

6. sodium + nitric acid 🡺 sodium nitrate + hydrogen

 Think Pair Share p. 112
Write a word equation for each of the reactions you carried out
🡪 metal + hydrochloric acid → metal chloride + hydrogen
List any safety precautions you took.
🡪 Wear safety glasses.
Care when using the bottle of acid: stopper placed upside down on bench,
and replaced as soon as possible.
Explain how you tested for hydrogen gas. Comment on any difficulties you
had doing this test.
🡪 Student should have tested for hydrogen by keeping a thumb over the
end of the test tube while the reaction proceeded, and then holding a lighted
splint in the mouth of the tube. A squeaky pop indicates the presence of
hydrogen.
Difficulties may include having trouble closing off the end of the test tube
with a thumb or finger, and not being quick enough at putting the lighted
splint into the test tube, so that the hydrogen escapes before it can be
tested.
 Reaction with acids
Acid + Metal 🡪 salt + Hydrogen
(test for hydrogen)

Acid + Carbonate 🡪 Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

(Test for Carbon dioxide)
Sodium bicarbonate + Hydrochloric acid 🡪
Sodium chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide
 Calcium carbonate+ Hydrochloric acid 🡪
Calcium chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide
Law of conservation of
mass
 Think Pair Share p. 113
List the reactants when Limestone reacts to produce Calcium chloride,
water and carbon dioxide
🡪 Calcium carbonate, Hydrochloric acid
Which products are the same in both the copper carbonate and the Calcium
carbonate reactions shown above?
🡪 Water, Carbon dioxide
Write a word equation for the reaction between magnesium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.
🡪 Magnesium carbonate+ Hydrochloric acid 🡪 Magnesium chloride + Water
+ Carbon dioxide
Why are some of these nails rusty and some not?

Do all metals rust?

What are the conditions that cause some metals to rust?

How could you test these ideas?

 Corrosion reactions
A chemical reaction that happens on the surface of a metal
Most corrosion reactions happen slowly – over days & weeks rather than
seconds or minutes

Iron corrosion
Copper corrosion
Silver corrosion
 Rusting

Rust: red brown substance

Rust is an iron oxide

Salt speeds up reaction with oxygen (Oxidation)

so it speeds up rusting
(so it’s a problem for ships ! )
Experiment to investigate rusting
“ Rusting require Oxygen & Water
“
Carry out a fair and reliable test

What question will you test?

Do all metals rust?

What are the conditions that cause some metals to rust?

How could you test these ideas?

How will you ensure the test is fair? Which metals rust?

What you will keep

What will you What will you the same?
change? observe? The place where metals
are left
The metal Whether rust forms Length of time given for
the metal to rust

How will you ensure you test is fair?

How does salt affect how metal rusts?

How will you ensure the test is fair? Which metals rust?

What you will keep

What will you What will you the same?
change? observe? The place where metals
are left
The amount of water Whether rust forms Length of time given for
the metal to rust

How will you ensure you test is fair?

How does salt affect how metal rusts?

How will you ensure the test is fair? Which metals rust?

What will you What you will keep

change? What will you the same?
observe? The place where metals
The amount of salt are left
near each piece of Whether rust forms Length of time given for
metal the metal to rust

How will you ensure you test is fair?

How does salt affect how metal rusts?

Apply your learning

Apply what you have learnt about rusting.

What are the problems caused by rusting?

How might you prevent rusting?

Can you find out how rusting is prevented?

 Cover iron
( To keep out O2 & or H2O )
Paint

Grease
Coating with “grease & oil”
Grease :a thick oily substance, especially as used as a lubricant

Galvanizing
A Layer of Zinc metal cover the iron
 Think pair share p.121
What conditions are needed to prevent iron from rusting?
🡪 Prevent water or air from reaching iron
Which test tube and which conditions caused the iron nail to rust most
quickly?
🡪 The nail in tube 2 rusted most quickly. The conditions in this tube are
water and air.
Why is the same type of nail used in all test tubes?
🡪 The same type of nail used in all test tubes so that it is a fair test. The
only variable that changes is the conditions.
How is the air in tube 3 dried?
🡪 by adding Calcium chloride (dehydrating agent) that absorbed
water(moisture in the air) from inside the tube
How is the air in tube 4 kept out of contact with the nail?
🡪 boiling (to remove as much dissolved gas as possible)
then adding an oil layer (to stop any air entering the water)
 Detecting chemical reactions
A color change

A gas is given off

Heat is produced

A change in pH

A precipitate (insoluble solid) is formed

Color change
Gas is given off
Heat is produced
 Cold
Who has ever hurt themselves playing a sport?
Were you given a cold pack?
How was the cold pack made cold?

Think Pair Share

You have
2 minutes…

Go! Time’s Up
 Endothermic
• Cold packs are endothermic – they make the surroundings colder
• Heat is taken from the surroundings and transferred to the object
• Examples include melting and boiling

In cold packs, two chemicals are mixed

together to create a reaction which
makes the surroundings colder.
 Hot
Who has ever watched an event outside in the freezing cold?
How did you warm yourself up?
Did you use hand warmers?

Think Pair Share

Go! Time’s Up
 Exothermic
• Hand warmers are exothermic – they make the surroundings warmer
• Heat is transferred from the object to the surroundings and makes it
feel warmer
• Examples include condensing and freezing

In hand warmers, an exothermic reaction

is caused by two substances being mixed
together – this gives off heat.
 Task 1
Using the word endothermic or exothermic, complete the sentences below.

Melting is an example of a ___________________ reaction.

Condensing is an example of a ___________________ reaction.

Freezing is an example of a ___________________ reaction.

Boiling is an example of a ___________________ reaction.

How many did you get right?

 Task 2
The below substances were dissolved in water. The temperature was
taken before dissolving and afterwards. Identify the endothermic and
the exothermic reactions and explain your answers.

Temperature before Temperature after

Name of substance
dissolving (°C) dissolving (°C)

Potassium chloride 20 12

Calcium chloride 20 39

Sodium hydrogen
20 16
carbonate

Sodium carbonate 20 28

Extension: Compare the endothermic and exothermic reactions, giving

examples to support your answer.
 Change in pH

Neutralization reaction

sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water

Precipitation reaction
 Think pair share p.119
Name two things you might look for to see if a chemical reaction has taken
place.
🡪Accept any two from: a colour change; a gas being given off; heat being
produced; a precipitate forming; something burning.
Potassium is called an ‘Alkali metal’ . Suggest a reason for this
🡪When potassium reacts with water there is a change in pH from 7 to a
higher value showing that the product formed is alkaline. So potassium is
called an alkali metal because it reacts with water to form an alkali.
What is the name of the compound formed when oxygen reacts with
magnesium?
🡪 Magnesium Oxide
Suggest what happens when carbon burns in oxygen. Write a word
equation for this reaction.
🡪 Carbon dioxide gas is given off
Carbon + Oxygen 🡪 Carbon dioxide