O D

DC Electric Circuit
M 2
ULE
Analysis1
PART 1: BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

PROFESSOR
Engr. SUSIE CHONG LAT
BSEE, MEP-EE
Contents:
 Electric Charge
 Electric Current
Topic Objectives:
• To illustrate the principle of electric
charge.
• To describe how an electric current is
formed.

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 ATOM
BOHR MODEL Nucleus-
center of atom

Proton- positive
charge

Neutron – no
Electron - negative charge
charge
Shell
Electron (-) is lighter than proton (+)
Bohr Model
✗ Free electrons are loosely bound
electrons that are free to move
around.

✗ Conductors allows free electrons ✗ Outer Shell – valence

to move freely throughout the shell
solid.
✗ Outer Electrons –
✗ Insulators limit the movement of valence electrons
electrons holding them tightly.

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Classification of Materials
According to Conductivity
 Conductors – are substances or materials used to convey
or allow the flow of electric current.
 It has 3 or less valence electrons
Materials Considered as Good Electric Conductors are:
 
1. Silver 7. Zinc
2. Copper 8. Platinum
3. Gold 9. Iron
4. Aluminum 10. Lead
5. Nickel 11. Tin
6. Brass

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Classification of Materials
According to Conductivity
 Semiconductors – are classed below the conductors in their
ability to carry current.
 It has exactly 4 valence electrons

Silicon and germanium are

semiconductor materials.

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Classification of Materials
According to Conductivity
 Insulators – are substances or materials that resist the flow
of electric current.
 It has 5 or more valence electrons

Various Kinds of Insulators:

1. Rubber 7. Latex
2. Porcelain 8. Asbestos
3. Varnish 9. Paper
4. Slate 10. Oil
5. Glass 11. Wax
6. Mica 12. Thermoplastic

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Bohr Model
✗ Generally, the atoms have neutral charge
Electrons (-) = Protons (+)

Net electric charge = 0

Also known as “ground state”

If atom loss electrons

If atom gains – positively charge /
electrons – negatively (+) ions
charge / (-) ions

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Law of Conservation
of Electric Charge
States that electric charge can either be
created or destroyed, only moves from
one place to another.

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Electric Charge
Electric Charge q Coulomb C
Can be (+) or ( - )
Protons = +℮ Electrons = -℮

The charge of a single electron or proton is

known as Elementary Charge.
Charge of a single electron
-
℮ = -1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb
The number of electrons in 1
negative coulomb of charge is
-1C = -6.24 x 1018 electrons

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The flow of electrons is what
forms an Electric Current

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 Electric Current is the movement of
electric charge in a wire over a period of
time.
I (A)

I – Electric Current
∆Q – charge through cross section of a wire
∆t – change in time
C – Coulomb
S – second
A - Ampere

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Example Ten coulombs of charge flow past a given point in
a wire in 2 s. What is the current?
 
Solution:

10 𝐶
𝐼= = 5A
2𝑠

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 Voltage
To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction
requires some work or energy transfer.

The work is performed by an external electromotive

force (emf) typically represented by a battery.

Emf is also known as potential

difference.

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 To create a source voltage,
simply establish a region
of positive and negative
charge or a separation of
+ & - charges.
Alessandro Volta

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Potential Difference (Voltage)
✗  Potential difference is the work done in moving a
unit of positive electric charge from one point to
another.

Potential difference in electrical terms is more

commonly called voltage (V) and is expressed
as energy (W) per unit charge (Q)

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Voltage is the energy or work needed to
move a unit charge.
Mathematically,
V=

Where:
W = work in joules, J
q = charge in coulomb, C
V = voltage, V

1 volt = = 1

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Sample Problem
1. Find the voltage between two points if 60 Joules of
energy are required to move a charge of 20
Coulomb between 2 points.

Solution: V = = = 3 volts

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Sample Problem
2. Determine the energy expended in moving a charge
of 50µC between 2 points if voltage between the
points is 6V.

Solution:
W = QV = (50 x 10-6 C)(6 V) = 300µJ

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The Conventional Direction of
Current VS Electron Flow
Conventional Current assumes that
current flows out of the positive
terminal, through the circuit and into the
negative terminal of the source. This
was the convention chosen during the
discovery of electricity. They were
wrong!

Electron Flow is what actually happens

and electrons flow out of the negative
terminal, through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.

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 QUESTION &
1.ANSWER
Why do copper material conduct electricity while
others cannot?
2. What causes current to flow in a circuit?
3. What is needed to move this electrons from one
place to another?
4. If metals in general are considered to be a conductor,
what makes a super conductor?
Thanks for
Listening!
Feel free to ask questions?
You can find me at:
✗ susieclat@gmail.com

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