Power System

Fundamentals

S D Varwandkar
Former Professor & Principal, VJTI

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 Power System Structure &
Representation

 Transformers, Circuit Breakers

 Concerns

 Studies Required

 Design Challenges
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Generation
0.4/44, 6.6, 0.5, 11, 13.8, 15.75, 21, 33 kV

EHV Transmission
220, 400, 500
750, 765, 800, 1200 kV

HV Transmission
33, 66, 110, 132 kV

HV Primary Distribution
3.3, 6.6, 11, 22,
33, 66, 132, 220 kV

Secondary Distribution
415/240, 433/ 250 V

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Power Network

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Long Distance AC Power Transfer

Region 1

Region 2
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Bottlenecks in AC Systems

 Surge Impedance Control

 HVDC

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World’s Largest UHVDC

6400 MW

2000 kms

+/- 800 kV

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SUMMARY TILL NOW….

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 Power Network

A power network connects generators to

loads, at times over long distances via
transmission, subtransmission and
distribution networks.

It also interconnects regional networks.

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Structure

 Transmission & Subtransmission –

EHV & HVDC

 Distribution

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Frequency and Voltages
 50/ 60 Hz
 Generation: 0.4/44, 6.6, 0.5, 11, 13.8, 15.75,
21, 33 kV
 EHV Transmission: 220, 400, 500, 750, 765,
800, 1200 kV
 HV Transmission: 33, 66, 110, 132 kV
 HV Primary Distribution: 3.3, 6.6, 11, 22,
33, 66, 132, 220 kV
 Secondary Distribution: 415/240, 433/ 250
V
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Advanced Technologies

 EHV AC

 HVDC

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Power Apparatus
 Transformers

 Reactors – Shunt/ Current Limiting

 Circuit Breakers

 Static VAR Controllers

 HV Bushing

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Normal Operation
 Voltage control

 Frequency control

 Voltage control

 Voltage stability

 Power trading

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Phenomena
 Short circuit faults

 Transients – Switching & Lightning

 Unbalance operation

 Angle stability and voltage collapse

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Concerns
 Protection – Network and Equipment

 Power Quality

 Reliability

 Condition monitoring & assessment

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Power System Studies
 Generation and Network Planning

 Normal and emergency operating

conditions
Voltage control/ SVC/ stability/ voltage
swells and sags

 Abnormal & Extreme events

Short circuits/ Switching transients/
Overvoltage transients/ Unbalanced
operation/ Stability/
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Equipment Related studies
 Insulation technology

 High voltage phenomena, partial

discharge

 Testing & Instrumentation for HV

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Grounding
 System/ Substation/ Network
grounding

 Equipment grounding

 Effect on transients and fault currents

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Transformers Design Features
 Impact of system conditions – normal/
emergency operation, abnormal conditions
such as short circuits, transients, unbalance
operations, sequence networks and
impedances, core forms and parameter/
performance evaluation through advanced
analytical techniques – FEM/ BEM/

 Designing for performance, robustness and

reliability
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SVC

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Design challenges in EHV
Transformers/ Reactors

EHV & UHV AC Designs

Materials
Partial Discharges &
Insulation

Transients & EMC

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 Advanced Manufacturing
Technologies & Automation
 Materials & Manufacturing

 Substation Automation

 Time Synchronization - PMUs

 Standards

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 Back to Fundas
 Knowledge about

 ‘Short circuit’ currents impact design.

How?

 ‘Overvoltages’ affects design. How?

 How does ‘system study’ influence

design?

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