Non Ferrous alloys

MSE 528
Mg alloys for automotive
Copper and its Alloys
Beta stabilizer
 Ti alloy
• Alpha stabilizers: C, O, N and Al

• Beta Stabilizers: Cr, Fe, Pd, Co, Mn, H, V, Mo, Ta, Nb

• Alpha alloys: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-4al-1Mo

• Beta alloys: Beta 21S (13%Mo),

• Alpha + Beta alloys: Ti-6Al-4V,

• ELI: extra low level Interstitials
TixAl
  
                                     
 PRECIPITATION HARDENING
• Particles impede dislocations.
7 00
• Ex: Al-Cu system T(°C) L CuAl 2
• Procedure: 6 00
--Pt A: solution heat treat
 +L +L
A
(get  solid solution) 5 00 
--Pt B: quench to room temp. C 
4 00
--Pt C: reheat to nucleate
small  crystals within 300
0 10 20 30 40 50
 crystals. (Al) B wt%Cu
composition range
• Other precipitation needed for precipitation hardening
systems: Adapted from Fig. 11.22, Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.22 adapted from J.L.
• Cu-Be Temp. Murray, International Metals Review 30, p.5, 1985.)
Pt A (sol’n heat treat)
• Cu-Sn
• Mg-Al
Pt C (precipitate )

Adapted from Fig. 11.20,

Callister 6e. Time
Pt B
20
 PRECIPITATE EFFECT ON TS, %EL
• 2014 Al Alloy:
• TS peaks with • %EL reaches minimum
precipitation time. with precipitation time.
• Increasing T accelerates
process.
itat all
“ag es
ed”
pre ny sm
on
sol il.
uti

era tate e
“ov cipi larg
sol -equ

cip

30
ma

ged s
tensile strength (MPa)

non

pre wer
id

”
5 00

%EL (2in sample)

20
fe

4 00
149 °C
10
3 00 204°C 204°C 149 °C

200 0
1min 1h 1day 1mo 1yr 1min 1h 1day 1mo 1yr
precipitation heat treat time (h) precipitation heat treat time (h)
Adapted from Fig. 11.25 (a) and (b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.25 adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and
Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker (Managing Ed.), American Society for 21
Metals, 1979. p. 41.)
 PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING

• Hard precipitates are difficult to shear.

Ex: Ceramics in metals (SiC in Iron or Aluminum).
precipitate
Large shear stress needed
Side View to move dislocation toward
precipitate and shear it.

Uns lipped part of slip plane Dislocation

Top View
“advances” but
precipitates act as
“pinning” sites with
S spacing S .
S lipped part of slip plane

1
• Result: y ~
S
24
 APPLICATION:
PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING
• Internal wing structure on Boeing 767
Adapted from Fig. 11.0,
Callister 5e.
(Fig. 11.0 is courtesy of
G.H. Narayanan and
A.G. Miller, Boeing
Commercial Airplane
Company.)

• Aluminum is strengthened with precipitates formed

by alloying.
Adapted from Fig.
11.24, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 11.24 is courtesy
of G.H. Narayanan and
A.G. Miller, Boeing
Commercial Airplane
Company.)

1.5m
26