Some common phase diagrams

Invariant point conditions for some metals

Fe (δ) 1535 C 0.00005 atm press
Ni 1455 C 0.0001
Ag 960 C 0.0001
Mn 1240 C 0.001
Zn 420 0.005
F=0F Invariant
F=1 Univariant
F=2 Bivariant
F=3 Trivariant
F=4 Quadravariant
F=5 Quinquevariant
F=6 Hexavariant
F=7 Septevariant
F=8 Octavariant
F=9 Nonvariant
F=10 Decivariant
Phase Diagram for Water
 S+L L+G
L+G+S

Solid
P

S+G

Gas T
A

A binary isomorphous diagram with all external variables (P T X)

Two Unary diagrams for A and B. 3 pairs of curved surfaces

will join to form a set of triple curves to show L+G+S
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Section parallel to temp axis:
Fixed pressure, isobar section, Pressure above triple point

MP of A L

S+L
P

T MP of B
S
T
A
A B

The section will show presence or absence of various phases as a

function of temperature

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 Cu-Ni alloy at various levels of
equilibrium freezing
70 wt% Ni-30Cu alloys are monels; Highly corrosion resistant
10
List some Ni-Cu alloys, their composition details, typical properties, and applications
11
Elevation or depression in the isomorphous curve: What does they
mean???
What does this imply w.r.t the solid state phases?

Elevation in the MP means that the solid state is ‘more stable’ (crudely
speaking the ‘ordered state is more stable’) →ordering reac on is seen at low T.

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Depression in MP ‘means’ the liquid state (disordered) is more stable → phase
separation is seen at low T.
(Phase separation can be ‘thought of’ as the ‘opposite’ of ordering. Ordering
(compound formation) occurs for –ve values of ΔHmix, while phase separation is
favoured by +ve values of ΔHmix.

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 Phase diagrams are relevant in ceramics also!!!

Al2O3-Cr2O3 is also a isomorphous diagram: Draw that

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G vs X plots. Activity plots

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Eutectic morphologies

lamellar Rod like Globular Acicular or needle

Factors affecting eutectic morphology:

Individual volume fractions
Crystallographic orientation betn two phases and interface energies

Continuous eutectics: lamellar Cu-Al; Rod type Ag-Cu; Spiral Mg-Zn

Discontinuous eutectics: Al-Si-Acicular, nodular: Al-Fe

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Freezing behavior of eutectic alloy

Schematic representation of the formation of

the eutectic structure in Pb-Sn system. Also,
note diffusion of elements

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Pb-Sn eutectic system

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 Pb-Sn system

25
Pb-Sn alloys are commercially called as ….??
Pb-Sb system

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Al-Si alloys

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Modification of eutectics

Acicular or needle
577
555 Acicular morphology is not good from
12.6 at to 14 at Si mechanical properties view
Add Na or Sr: changes the interfacial energy
Acicular β changes in to fibrous (round) β
Lowering of eutectics improves the castability

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Modification in Al-Si

Al-19Si Al-19Si, after modification

M Gupta, S Ling, J of Alloys and Compounds, 287, 1999, 284-294

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Al-21Si, after 33 C/s cooling rate
With 3% RE

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J Chang, I Moon, C Choi, J of Mater Sci, 1998, 33, 5015-23
Modification in Mg-Al-Zn-Si alloy using Ca or P
Mg-5Al-1Zn-0.7Si alloy Mg-5Al-1Zn-0.7Si-0.2Ca alloy,

JJ Kim, DH Kim, KS Shin, NJ Kim, Scr mater,

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Mg-5Al-1Zn-0.7Si-0.03P alloy. 41, 1999, 333-340
Spherodisation in cast iron

(Fe-3.7%C-2.4%Si-0.59%Mn-0.025%P-0.01%S-0.095%Mo-1.4%Cu)

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Au-Si

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Au-Ge

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Concept of sloping solvus line and precipitation hardening

Reqmts: Sloping solvus line and coherent interface

Solutionising

Quenching
‘α+L
α Ageing
temp
‘α+β

time

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Hypothetical system which
can be ppption hardened

Microstructure manipulation

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Part of the Al-Cu phase dia which
can be pption hardenable
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Sn-Bi –another solder Sn-In –another solder

Sn-Ag Sn-Zn

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Sn-Au another solder alloy

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