MINGGU KE 5

TTT DIAGRAM
REVIEW
REVIEW
REVIEW
Isothermal Transformation Diagram
This type of diagram shows what happens when a steel is held at a
constant temperature for a prolonged period.
The development of microstructure with time can be followed by
holding small specimens in a lead or salt bath and qunching them onw
at a time after increasing holding times and measuring the amoun of
phase formde in the microstructure with the aid of a microscope.

Fig. The procedure for determining

isothermal cooling (IT) diagram. Line 1
temperature vs time, line 2. elongation
vs time, S represents the start and F the
finish of austenite decompotition.
Hardenability Concepts
The goal of heat treatment of steel is very often to attain a satisfactory
hardness. The importan microstructure phase is normally Martensite,
The hardness of martensite is primarily dependent on its carbon
content. If the microstructure no fully martensitic, its hardnes is lower.

Fig. Relationship between hardness, carbon content, and amount of martensit

The rate of cooling at different distance from the quenched end is
appoximately independent of the steel used becouse the thermal
conductivity and heat capacity of hardenable steels do not vary very
much and the heat transfer at the cooled end is steel independent.

Fig. Calculated hardness (dashed line) and reported hardness (solid line)
from a jominy test
 MARTENSITE
• Martensite:
--rapid cooling from above eutectoid temperature to room T
--(FCC) to Martensite (Body Centered Tetragonal)
--involves collective motion of a lot of atoms

• Isothermal Transf. Diagram

•  to M transformation..
-- is rapid! At speed of sound
-- % transf. depends on T only.
 Fe-C SYSTEM (2)
• Martensite:
--(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
(involves single atom jumps)
x

60 m
Fe atom potential
x x
sites x x C atom sites
x (Adapted from Fig.
10.11, Callister, 6e.

• Isothermal Transf. Diagram

8 00 Austenite (stable) Martentite needles
T(°C) A
TE Austenite
P (Adapted from Fig. 10.12, Callister, 6e.
6 00 (Fig. 10.12 courtesy United States Steel
S Corporation.)
Adapted from Fig.
10.13, Callister 6e. B
4 00 A
10
•  to M transformation..
0%
-- is rapid!
0%
50

0% -- % transf. depends on T only.

%

2 00 M +A 50%
M +A 9 0%
M +A
10 -1 10 10 3 10 5 time (s)
11
 PRODUCTS OF COOLING AUSTENITE

• Slow cooling  pearlite

• Cool rapidly to upto 550 C,
and hold  pearlite
• Cool rapidly to 550-225 C
and hold  bainite
• Cool rapidly to below 225 C
 martensite
 Fe-C SYSTEM (1)

100% Bainite
100% Austenite

Rapidly cool to 350 C Hold for

10000 seconds
100% Bainite Rapidly cool to room T
 Fe-C SYSTEM (2)

Rapidly cool to 250 C

Hold for 100 seconds
Rapidly cool to room T

100% Austenite
100% Austenite

Mostly Martensite + traces of Austenite

 Fe-C SYSTEM (3)
Rapidly cool to 650 C
Hold for 20 seconds
50% Austenite,
Rapidly cool to 400 C
100% Austenite 50% Pearlite Hold for 1000 seconds
Rapidly cool to room T

50% Austenite, 50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite

50% Pearlite

50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite

 Fe-C SYSTEM (1)
• Spheroidite:
-- crystals with spherical Fe3C 
--diffusion dependent. (ferrite)
--heat bainite or pearlite for long times
--reduces interfacial area (driving force) Fe 3 C
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram (cementite)
8 00 Austenite (stable)
T(°C) A TE
P
6 00 100% spheroidite 60 m
Spheroidite (Adapted from Fig. 10.10, Callister, 6e.
(Fig. 10.10 copyright United States Steel
100% spheroidite Corporation, 1971.)
4 00 A B
Adapted from Fig. 10.9,Callister 6e.
(Fig. 10.9 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal
Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams,
American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)
2 00
100
0%

5 0%

10 -1 10 10 3 10 5 time (s)
10
 TEMPERING MARTENSITE
• reduces brittleness of martensite,
• reduces internal stress caused by quenching.
TS(MPa)
YS(MPa)
180 0

160 0 TS
Adapted from Fig. Adapted from Fig.
140 0 YS

9 m
10.25, Callister 6e. 10.24, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 10.25 (Fig. 10.24
adapted from Fig. copyright by
120 0 60
furnished courtesy United States Steel
of Republic Steel Corporation,
Corporation.) 100 0 50
%AR %AR 1971.)
40
8 00
30
2 00 4 00 600
Tempering T (°C)
• produces extremely small Fe 3 C particles surrounded by 
• decreases TS, YS but increases %AR
18
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Martensite
• Tempered martensite
• Bainite

Ductility
Strength

• Fine pearlite
• Coarse pearlite
• Spheroidite

• Can control the formation of specific phases and

microstructure through a cooling schedule
so that desired properties result
540oC
 PEARLITE MORPHOLOGY
Two cases:

• Ttransf just below TE • Ttransf well below TE

--Larger T: diffusion is faster --Smaller T: diffusion is slower
--Pearlite is coarser. --Pearlite is finer.

- Smaller T: - Larger T:

colonies are colonies are
larger smaller
 OTHER TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS
• Bainite:
-- strips with long, fine
rods of Fe3C
Fe 3 C
(cementite)
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram (ferrite)

5 m
(Adapted from Fig. 10.8, Callister, 6e. (Fig. 10.8
from Metals Handbook, 8th ed.,
Vol. 8, Metallography, Structures, and Phase
Diagrams, American Society for Metals,
Materials Park, OH, 1973.)

Note: reaction rate increases

with decreasing temperature
first, and then decreases
NUCLEATION AND GROWTH
• Reaction rate is a result of nucleation and growth
of crystals.
Nucleation rate increases with T
Growth rate increases with T

• Examples:
pearlite
 colony  

T just below TE T moderately below TE T way below TE

Nucleation rate low Nucleation rate med  Nucleation rate high
Growth rate high Growth rate med. Growth rate low
 Spheroidite AS: Alloy Steel
PCS: Plain-carbon Steel

Austenite
Rapid
Quench
Martensite

Slow
Re-heat Cooling

Moderate cooling (AS)

Isothermal treatment (PCS)

Re-heat Tempered
Martensite

coarse fine
Pearlite
Bainite
Cooling Media and Quench Intensity
The dept of hardness at a given work-piece dimension is determined by
the chemical compotition of the steel.
The austenite grain size as established during the austenitizing
treatment, and the cooling rate.

Quench media ;
Water  unalloyed steel
Oil  alloy steel
Air  high alloy steel
Molte salt  often used for bainitic hardening of medium carbon
steel
Selection of cooling medium is critical for obtaining optimal mechanical
properties, avoiding quench cracks, minimizing distortion, and improving
reproducibility in hardening.
Three stages of Quenching.
The most commonly used liquid quenching media are water and its
solution, oil and polymer solution.The process may be split up
into the following three stages :
1. The vapor blanket stage
2. The boiling stage
3. The convection stage

Fig. show a typical cooling

curve for an oil and at the
same time shows what
happens at the surface of a
steel that is being quenched
Stress Relief
Stress relief is used to relieve stresses that remain locked in a structure
as a consequence of a manufacturing sequence.
For example, most ferritic weldments are given postweld heat treatment
to improve the fracture toughness of the heat-effected zones (HAZ).

Stress relief heat treating is the uniform heating of a structure, or portion

thereofore, to a suitable temperature below transformation region (Ac1
for ferritic steel). Holding at this temperature for a predetermined period
time, fellowed by uniform cooling.

Stress relief can reduce distortion and high stress from welding that can
affect service componen performance.
Fig. Example of the causes of residual stresses a) Thermal distortion in a
structure due to heating by solar radiation, b) Residual stresses due to welding,
c) Residual stresses due to grinding.