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  • SBB3014 Lect1 Part3

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    Mohamad Aidil
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    1) In the early 20th century, genetics advanced enough to show the molecular basis of evolution. However, questions remained about why different versions (alleles) of the same gene persist in a population. 2) In 1908, Hardy and Weinberg simultaneously published a model that analyzed ideal populations where alleles remain at a fixed ratio under conditions without evolution factors like mutation and selection. 3) Their analysis formed the basis of population genetics, which integrates genetics and evolution to study allele frequency changes over time from factors like genetic drift, founder effects, and small population size bottlenecks.

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    1) In the early 20th century, genetics advanced enough to show the molecular basis of evolution. However, questions remained about why different versions (alleles) of the same gene persist in a population. 2) In 1908, Hardy and Weinberg simultaneously published a model that analyzed ideal populations where alleles remain at a fixed ratio under conditions without evolution factors like mutation and selection. 3) Their analysis formed the basis of population genetics, which integrates genetics and evolution to study allele frequency changes over time from factors like genetic drift, founder effects, and small population size bottlenecks.

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    18 views12 pages

    SBB3014 Lect1 Part3

    Uploaded by

    Mohamad Aidil
    1) In the early 20th century, genetics advanced enough to show the molecular basis of evolution. However, questions remained about why different versions (alleles) of the same gene persist in a population. 2) In 1908, Hardy and Weinberg simultaneously published a model that analyzed ideal populations where alleles remain at a fixed ratio under conditions without evolution factors like mutation and selection. 3) Their analysis formed the basis of population genetics, which integrates genetics and evolution to study allele frequency changes over time from factors like genetic drift, founder effects, and small population size bottlenecks.

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    of 12

    Population Genetics

    Lect1_part3
    Population Genetics
    • By 20th century, genetics was advanced enough to show molecular basis of
    evolution
    • Question raised concerning heredity and evolution
    • Why do different versions of the same gene (called alleles) persist in a
    population, even though one allele is more abundant or is expressed more
    strongly from the other?
    Population Genetics
    • G.H. Hardy and G. Weinberg
    • 1908
    • Simultaneously published model to answer questions about population
    evolution
    • Conditions that should apply to an ideal population
    • Mutations do not occur
    • Organisms do not migrate between populations
    • Reproduction is limited to random sexual mating
    • There is no natural selection
    • The population is very large
    Population Genetics
    • Analysis by Hardy and Weinberg showed under those ideal conditions
    • Two alleles for same gene remain indefinitely in population at fixed ratio,
    even if one allele is dominant over the other
    • Called Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
    • Became basis for new discipline known as population genetics
    • Integrates genetics and evolution
    Population Genetics
    Hardy-Weinberg
    Equilibrium Factors Leading to Evolution (Disequilibrium)

    Mutations do not Mutations convert one allele to another, and therefore


    occur. alter the ratio of alleles, unless forward and reverse
    mutations exactly balance.
    Organisms do not If many individuals enter or leave the population, the
    migrate between allele ratio will change unless the migrating individuals
    populations. have alleles in exactly the same ratio as the overall
    population.
    Reproduction is If mating is not random, some allele combinations may
    limited to random be reproduced disproportionately often.
    sexual mating.
    There is no natural Natural selection favors the reproduction of individuals
    selection. with a certain allele combination over others.

    The population is If the population is very small, chance can determine


    very large. which individuals reproduce.
    Population Genetics
    • Population genetics
    • Tool to predict changes and explore causes of evolution
    • Effects of chance on small populations
    • Best-adapted individuals do not always leave the most offspring
    • Random accidents (fire, epidemic) in small population may accidentally
    eliminate all individuals that have best allele
    Population Genetics
    • Genetic drift
    • Random change in allele ratio
    • Founder effect
    • Occurs when a few individuals from a large population establish a small,
    isolated population
    • Founders may have combination of traits that are uncommon in old
    population
    • May start new population on new path of evolution
    • Often seen in studies of oceanic islands
    • Island plants are related to mainland species, but traits differ in many ways
    Genetic drift
    Genetic drift
    Genetic drift
    Bottleneck
    Founder effect

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