A

SEMINAR ON

UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG IN BITUMINOUS MIX

Under the guidance of

By
Dr. G. SURESH
SUDARSHAN V
Professor
18GACV2007
Department of Civil Engineering,
3rd Semester M tech
University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering
 INTRODUCTION

• In India , there is a great demand of aggregates , mainly from civil

engineering for road construction and also for concrete construction.
• Instead of using aggregates in roads and concrete construction, some
of the waste industrial by-products can be used widely.
• These studies are mainly for safe and economic disposal of waste
products for the better and cost-effectiveness.
• Many of the highway agencies , private organizations and individuals
are in the process of completing a wide variety of studies and research
projects concerning the feasibility, environment suitability, availability
of waste products and performance of using waste products in road
construction.
 OBJECTIVES

• To explore the use of copper slag as a partial substitute in bituminous

mix.

• To test the properties of aggregate, bitumen and copper slag.

• To test the tensile strength of bituminous material.

COARSE AGGREGATE

 Coarse aggregates are particles

greater than 2.36mm, but generally
range between 4.75mm to 37.5mm
in diameter.
 Coarse aggregates are three
dimensional irregular bodies.
COPPER SLAG
 The Copper is of fine
textured glossy sand like
material and called as
Granulated Copper slag
 The granules are obtained by
cooling the molten copper
waste.
 The granulated copper slag
are below 4.75 mm in size.
 PROPERTIES UNITS METHOD OF TEST TEST VALUE

PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE

SPECIFIC GRAVITY - IS : 2386 (I) 2.728

FLAKYNESS AND ELONGATION % IS : 2386 (I) 35

INDEX

STRIPPING % IS 2386(I) (Part-3) 95

WATER ABSORPTION % IS : 6241 0.2

IMPACT VALUE % IS : 2386 (IV) 12.5

PROPERTIES OF COPPER SLAG

Specific gravity - IS : 2386 (I) 3.456

Unit weight Kg/cum IS : 2386 (I) 1173.285

GRADATION-COPPER SLAG

Seive Size (mm) Retained in grams

4.75 -
2.36 413
1.18 335
0.6 768
0.3 367
0.15 77.5
0.075 24.5
Pan 15
 TEST ON BITUMEN
PROPERTIES UNITS METHOD OF TEST TEST VALUE

Penetration at 25ºC 0.1mm IS 1203:1978 66

Softening point ºc IS 1203:1979 46

Ductility at 25ºC
Ductility at 250 cm IS 1203:1980 75
C

Specific gravity - IS 1203:1981 1.038

Viscosity at 600º poise IS 1203:1982 2950

C

Viscosity at 135º cst IS 1203:1983 380

C
PROPORTION OF AGGREGATES
PROPOSIONING – CS 15%
 Marshall Method Of Mix Design

• Preparation of specimen
 The proportion of aggregates done as per gradation table.
 The aggregates were heated to temperature of 170°C .
 Required amount of Bitumen heated to temperature of 140-150°C.
 The heated Bitumen was added to the aggregate mix and thoroughly mixed
to have a uniform bituminous mix at a desirable temperature 135°-140°C.
 The mould of 101.6mm diameter and 63.5mm height was heated and
bituminous mix was placed providing with base plate and collar.
 After leveling the top surface the mix was compacted by means of rammer
weight of 4.54 kg and with a height of fall 457 mm with 75 blows on either
side at a temperature of 130°C.
 Three specimens were prepared using each trial bitumen content .
 The compacted specimens were cooled to room temperature and removed from mould after 24 hours .
 The diameter, mean height, weight in air and weight in water were determined
Testing of specimen
The specimens are kept immersed in thermostatically controlled water bath which is
maintained at 60°C for 30-40min.
One specimen is taken out from the water bath and is placed in the Marshall Test
head.
Place the complete breaking head assembly in position on the testing machine.
The proving ring and dial gauge readings are made zero before starting the machine.
Load is applied to the specimen by a constant rate of movement of the testing
machine head of 51 mm per minute.
Load is applied until a maximum load is reached; the maximum load reading and
the corresponding deformation dial reading are noted.
The maximum load value expressed in kg is recorded in the proving ring is the
Marshall Stability value.
The vertical deformation of the test specimen corresponding to the maximum load is
recorded as the Flow value.
The specimen is removed from the test head, another specimen is taken out of the
water bath, inserted in the test head of the machine and test is repeated.
Marshall Properties Of Dense Bituminous Macadam Mix
With Conventional Mix
Marshall Properties Of Dense Bituminous
Macadam Mix With CS 10%
Marshall Properties Of Dense Bituminous
Macadam Mix With CS 15%
Marshall Properties Of Dense Bituminous
Macadam Mix With CS 20%
Marshall Properties Of Dense Bituminous
Macadam Mix With CS 25%
 Marshall Test Results
PROPERTIES REQUIRED CRITERIA CONVENTIONAL MIX 10% CS 15%CS 20%CS 25%CS

Binder % by wt of 4.5 4.49 4.56 4.56 4.67 5.02

mix

Air voids, % 4 4.22 4.119 4.07 4.131 4.135

VMA, % 12 14.75 14.935 15.02 15.446 16.381

VFB, % 65-75 71.39 72.454 72.871 73.231 74.652

Stability, kg 900 1430 1139.8 1553.09 1082.53 1003.13

Flow, mm 2 to 4 3.25 2.885 3.035 3.024 2.985

 Computation of Moisture Sensitivity
Specimen placed between two Bearing plate
For Moisture sensitivity test as per
AASHTO T 283, samples were tested for
dry and wet strength conditions at OBC.
The wet set was first placed in water bath
maintained at 60ºC for 24 h and then
placed in an environmental chamber at
25ºC for 2 h. The load was applied at the
rate of 50 mm/min by loading a Marshall
specimen with compressive load acting
parallel to and along the vertical
diametric loading plane. The moisture
sensitivity is determined as a ratio of the
average tensile strengths of the wet and
dry tensile strength of the specimens.
 Calculation for TSR value

Conditioned Sample Average Tensile Strength,

S1 = 101.47 kpa

Dry Sample Average Tensile Strength,

S2 = 104 kpa

TSR = S1/S2
= 0.976

Water Bath TSR value ranges from 0.80-1.0

 TGA Analysis of Copper Slag
• Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a
method of thermal analysis in which
changes in physical and chemical properties
of materials are measured as a function of
increasing temperature (with constant
heating rate), or as a function of time (with
constant temperature and/or constant mass
loss). TGA is commonly used to determine
selected characteristics of materials that
exhibit either mass loss or gain due to
decomposition, oxidation, or loss of TGA ANALYSER
volatiles. TGA can provide information
about chemical phenomena (eg : oxidation
or reduction) .
 SEM Analysis of Copper Slag
• SEM provides detailed high
resolution images of the sample by
rastering a focussed electron beam
across the surface and detecting
secondary or back-scattered electron
signal. An Energy Dispersive X-Ray
Analyzer (EDX or EDA) is also used
to provide elemental identification
and quantitative compositional
information. SEM provides images
with magnifications up to ~X50,000
allowing sub micron-scale features to EDS Analysis
be seen i.e. well beyond the range of
optical microscopes
Normal copper slag-elemental analysis graph Bitumen mixed copper slag-elemental analysis graph
 CONCLUSION
 The Marshall test indicates that the 15% Copper slag mix has greater stability of

1553.086 Kg than that of Conentional mix of 1430 Kg.

 The TSR value for Copper slag mix is about 0.976

 The TGA test report from shows that it does not exhibit either mass loss or gain around

150℃ − 200℃ temperatures.

 The SEM report shows that it does not contains any harmful elements in both normal

and bitumen mixed Copper slag. Therefore it is safe for in construction of road

pavements .
It is concluded that adoption of Copper slag mix in Marshall design method
improves good interlocking and eventually improved the volumetric properties as
well as the mechanical properties of the mixes. Because of the improved property by
the incorporation of copper slag, it can be used as a partial replacement of aggregates
in Dense Bituminous mixes. It also performs better than the Conventional Mix .
 REFERENCES
1. Mohd Amirul Farez Bin Alunad Azaldin “The Usage of Copper Slag in Bituminous Mix” Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 2008.
2. Harpreet Singh, Gurprit Singh Bath, “Use Of Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate” Tangori, Mohali, India, 2015.
3. Somnath Singh, Mishra A K,”Utilization Of Copper Slag And Stone Dust In Bituminous Pavement With Hydrated Lime As Filler
Material” Gorakhpur, U.P. India, 2016.
4. Sankarlal K R, Ravi E, “An experimental study of alternate materials for dense bituminous macadam surface” Coimbatore, India, 2018.
5. Raposeirasa A C, Vargas-Ceróna A, Movilla-Quesada D, Castro-Fresno D, “Effect of copper slag addition on mechanical behaviour of
asphalt mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement” Santander, Spain, 2016.
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Pavements” Wah Cantt, Pakistan, 2018.
8. Chetan M K, Sowmya N, “Utilization of Copper Slag in Bituminous Concrete with a Stone Dust and Flyash as a Filler Material” Sullia,
India, 2015.
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10. Khanna S K and Justo C E G, Highway Engineering, Ninth edition, Nem Chan Bros, Roorkee, U.K., India, 2011.
11. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways(MORTH) 2013. Specifications for Road and Bridge Works, Fifth Revision, IRC , New Delhi,
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THANK YOU