UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JNANABHARATHI, BENGALURU

Laboratory Study on Using Waste Glass as Filler in

Bituminous Mixes
BY
SARADARALI MUJAVAR

Under the guidance of

Dr. G. SURESH
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
UVCE, Bengaluru
  INTRODUCTION
• Rapid industrialization and large scale infrastructural development in India,
has resulted in huge scarcity of construction materials and tremendous
increase in the environmental pollution.
• Disposal issue of the waste product is a challenge In India , million ton of
waste glass is generated every year , which occupied approximately 65000
acres of land. So loss of valuable land.
• Generally cement are used as a filler in bituminous mix, but the cost of
cement is much high , hence hear project cost is increase.
• Concerned about this, the scientists are looking for alternative filler for
bituminous mix, that may reduce the pollution and disposal problem.
• In the current study, the feasibility of improving the properties of
Bituminous Concrete (BC) mix with waste glass as filler in place of
conventional costly fillers like lime and cement was studied.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

• The objective of this project is to detail study about the glass powder that
can be used as a road construction and pavement construction material.

• Use of Glass powder ash as replacement of conventional filler in a certain

percentage to minimize the cost of utilization of cement, lime or stone dust.

• BC mixes were prepared at OBC with three different fillers namely

cement, lime and glass powder at three different dosages (4%, 6% and
8%).

• The Marshall and volumetric properties of these samples were

investigated and compared.
 WHY GLASS POWDER
• BC mixes with glass powder as filler displayed higher stability.
• BC mixes with glass powder as filler displayed higher stability and low
flow value .
• Chemical properties of mineral filler.
Chemical Lime powder Cement Glass powder
composition
CaO 56.1 62.20 8.1
SiO2 1.38 22.10 72.1
Al2O3 0.72 4.55 1.6
Fe2O3 0.12 3.34 -
Na2O - 0.31 13.1
Apparent Specific 2.78 3.15 2.65
Gravity
% passing sieve 94 96 93
No.200 (0.075
mm)
 MATERIALS

• AGGREGATES:
• Generally two type aggregates are use in bituminous mix.
• Coarse aggregate Coarse aggregate is the aggregate most of which is
retained on 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains only so much finer material as
is permitted by specification.
• Fine aggregate Fine aggregate is the aggregate most of which passes 4.75
mm IS sieve and contains only so much coarser as is permitted by
specification.
 Test results of aggregate
Aggregate Test Test result Requirements as per MORT&H (V
revision) 2013
Specifications.

Aggregate impact value, (%) 22.04 Max 27%

CRUSHING VALUE 25.87 -

Flakiness and Elongation 26.47 Max 35%
Index (Combined), (%)

Specific gravity
Coarse aggregate 2.670 -
Fine aggregate 2.604 -
 BITUMEN

• Bitumen is a black or dark coloured solid or viscous cementitious

substance having an adhesive properties.
• It consists chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarbons derived from
distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt.
• In this study VG-30 bitumen used .

TESTS Results

Softening Point (⁰C) 45.7

Ductility (cm) 81

Penetration 63

Specific Gravity 1
 FILLER

Cement:
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of specific gravity 2.81

Glass Powder:
Fine glass powder of specific gravity 2.75 was used as filler material and this
glass waste was collected from a shop at Muvattupuzha.

Lime:
Finely powdered lime of specific gravity 2.04 collected from a shop at
Thodupuzha was used as filler.
 METHODOLOGY

Experimental Program

Stage 1: preparation of mixtures

Aggregate Proportioning by Rothfutch Method

Determining the optimum binder content

investigating the effect of using different fillers with different

contents on Marshall properties
 Marshall method of mix design

• Preparation of specimen

The proportion of aggregates done as per gradation table.

The aggregates were heated to temperature of 170°C .
Required amount of Bitumen heated to temperature of 140-150°C.
The heated Bitumen was added to the aggregate mix and thoroughly mixed
to have a uniform bituminous mix at a desirable temperature 135°-140°C.
The mould of 101.6mm diameter and 63.5mm height was heated and
bituminous mix was placed providing with base plate and collar.
After leveling the top surface the mix was compacted by means of rammer
weight of 4.54 kg and with a height of fall 457 mm with 75 blows on either
side at a temperature of 130°C.
Three specimens were prepared using each trial bitumen content .
The compacted specimens were cooled to room temperature and removed from
mould after 24 hours .
The diameter, mean height, weight in air and weight in water were determined.
 Testing of specimen

The specimens are kept immersed in thermostatically controlled water bath

which is maintained at 60°C for 30-40min.
One specimen is taken out from the water bath and is placed in the Marshall Test
head.
Place the complete breaking head assembly in position on the testing machine.
The proving ring and dial gauge readings are made zero before starting the
machine.
Load is applied to the specimen by a constant rate of movement of the testing
machine head of 51 mm per minute.
Load is applied until a maximum load is reached; the maximum load reading and
the corresponding deformation dial reading are noted.
The maximum load value expressed in kg is recorded in the proving ring is the
Marshall Stability value.
The vertical deformation of the test specimen corresponding to the maximum
load is recorded as the Flow value.
The specimen is removed from the test head, another specimen is taken out of the
water bath, inserted in the test head of the machine and test is repeated.
Marshall Stability Test setup
 Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content
The optimum bitumen content (OBC) for the mix design is then
found by taking the average of the following three:
1. Bitumen content corresponding to Maximum Stability
2. Bitumen content corresponding to Maximum Bulk Density
3. Bitumen content corresponding to the median of the design
limits of Percent Air Voids in the total mix (4%).
 Marshall and Volumetric Properties of BC Mix

Bitumen Content (% 5 5.5 6

Marshal Stability (KN) 8.48 9.669 9.363

Flow (mm) 1.863 2.9 3.55

Density (g/cc) 2.308 2.327 2.327

Vv (%) 5.462 4.027 3.862

VFB (%) 66.695 75.928 77.356

VMA (%) 16.343 16.04 16.04

 GRAPHS

MS vs bitumen density vs BC
m 10 2.329
a 9.5
r 2.324
s 9
D
h 8.5 E
a
8 N 2.319
a S
l 7.5 I 2.314
T
s 7 Y
t 2.309
6.5
a
b 6
2.304
i 5.5 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5
l BITUMEN %
i 5
t 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
y bitumen %
The variation of air voids with variation in percentage of bitumen content. The bitumen content corresponding to 4% air voids is
5.5%

Air void vs BC

5.5

5
Air voids %

4.5

3.5

3
4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9
Bitumen %
Comparison of Marshall and Volumetric Properties of BC Mixes
with Different Fillers

• Comparison of Marshall and Volumetric Properties – 4% Filler

FILLERS NORMAL CEMENT LIME GLASS POWDER

Marshal 9.669 16.148 17.55 13.523

Stability (KN)

Flow (mm) 2.9 3.8 3.6 2.9

Density 2.327 2.35 2.371 2.36

(g/cc)

Vv (%) 4.027 3.529 1.537 3.039

• Comparison of Marshall and Volumetric Properties - 6% Filler

FILLERS NORMAL CEMENT LIME GLASS POWDER

Marshal 9.669 12.894 12.912 11.954

Stability (KN)

Flow (mm) 2.9 3.2 2.9 2.8

Density (g/cc) 2.327 2.301 2.279 2.438

Vv (%) 4.027 5.813 5.042 3.815

• Comparison of Marshall and Volumetric Properties - 8 %
Filler

FILLERS NORMAL CEMENT LIME GLASS POWDER

Marshal
Stability (KN) 9.669 18.458 8.882 17.55

Flow (mm) 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.5

Density
2.327 2.279 2.152 2.296
(g/cc)

Vv (%) 4.027 6.904 10.071 5.904

 Determination of Optimum Dosage of Glass Powder
• The optimum dosage of glass powder was determined by considering the
requirements of BC mix as per MORTH.
• The design % of air voids (4%) was obtained at a dosage of 6.2 %. Hence
6.2% was adopted as the optimum dosage of glass powder.
Marshall and Volumetric Properties of BC Mix with Glass Powder

Marshal Density
%OF GLASS Flow (mm) Vv (%) VFB (%)
POWDE R Stability (g/cc)
(KN)

4 11.954 2.6 2.361 2.84 80.52

6 13.523 2.8 2.438 3.815 75.013

8 17.55 2.5 2.296 5.979 64.81

 Comparison of Properties of Normal Mix and Glass Modified
Mix
FILLERS NORMAL GLASS POWDER

Marshal Stability (KN) 9.669 14

Flow (mm) 2.9 2.78

Density (g/cc) 2.327 2.45

Vv (%) 4.027 4
• The table shows the comparison of glass modified mix (6.2%) with
normal mix. On comparing glass modified mix with normal mix, Marshall
Stability was found to increase by 44%.
• The addition of glass powder makes the bituminous mix more stable and
stiff. makes the bituminous mix more resistant to deformations.
• This is evident from the lower flow values (flow value decreased by
3.79%). The percentage of air voids (Vv) of glass modified mix was found
to be slightly lower than that of normal mix. This in turn contributes to the
slightly higher density of glass modified mix.
 CONCLUSIONS
• BC mixes were prepared at OBC (5.5%) with three different fillers
namely cement, lime and glass powder at three different dosages
(4%, 6% and 8%). The Marshall and volumetric properties of these
samples were investigated and compared.
• Bituminous mixes with glass powder as filler gave nearly same
Marshall and volumetric properties as those of conventional fillers
such as lime and cement.
• optimum dosage of 6.2%, glass modified bituminous mix displayed
a higher stability value of about 44% and a lower flow value of
about 3.79% than that of normal mixes with quarry dust alone.
• Thus considering the above mentioned benefits, glass powder waste
from industries can be used an alternative for conventional fillers to
produce more stable and durable bituminous paving mixes.
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