 To identify the

importance, principles
and functions of
supervision.
 To understand the
roles of supervisor.
SUPERVI  Recognize the types of
SION supervisory planning
process, control and
quality.
INTRODUCTION:

 most important management functions

 nursing staff -are supervised by the sister in
charge.
 assistant nursing superintendent
 nursing superintendent.
“supervision” is overseeing.

The word “super “ means above and

“vision” means seeing.

directing, investigating, guiding, helping and advising

 A two way dynamic and social process.
 guiding and directing efforts of employees and
other resources to accomplish stated work aspects.
(Terry and Franklin)
 a cooperative relationship between a leader and one
or more persons to accomplish a particular purpose.
(Lamberson)
OBJECTIVES OF SUPERVISION:

 to see that a particular work or task is being done in the

expected manner.
 delivery of high quality of health care services
 development of staff to their highest potential.
 To interpret policies, objectives, needs
 To develop standards of service and methods
 To plan services cooperatively
 To assist in problem solving
 To evaluate the services
Nursing supervisor - Responsibilities

 Assist in selecting, orienting and training staff

nurses, students.
 Help them in communicating with their client
 Build good interpersonal relationship
 Help in performing different procedures
 Assign duties and responsibilities to nurse
Nursing supervisor - Responsibilities

 Arrange for their days off and plan for their

rotation.
 Make plans for emergencies in advances.
 Appraise the nurses performance, give feedback
and council them.
 Develop a spirit of dedication, team work,
cooperation and harmony
In terms of coordination

  Effective planning within your units.

 fair distribution of work load.
 Timely and effective performance of tasks.
 Quality, quantity and completeness of performance.
 Anticipate difficulties and problems and plan
accordingly
 The major supervisory functions in
administrative area

 Orientation of newly posted staff

 Assessment of the workload
 Arranging materials
 Co-ordination of the efforts
 Promotion of social contact within work team
 Helping individual to cope with their problems
 The major supervisory functions in
administrative area

 Facilitating flow of communication

 Raising the level of motivation
 Establishment of control
 Development of confidence
 Emphasis on achievement
 Record keeping
STEPS IN SUPERVISION

 Define as the job to be done

 Selection and organization of supervision activities.
 Anticipation of difficulties
 Establishment of criteria for evaluation.
STAGES OF SUPERVISON

 Stage one ---preparation for supervision

 Stage two---supervision
 Stage three---follow up of supervision
Stage one: preparation for supervision

 Study of documents: hospital policy, procedure

 Identification of priorities for supervision
 Preparation of a supervision schedule
Stage two: supervision:

tools which supervisor use may include

 Job description
 Task description
 Weekly time table
 Check list and rating scale for each task.
Activities
 Establish contacts
 Review of the objectives, targets and norms with the
subordinates or supervisees
 review the job descriptions
 examine how much time is at present spent on each of
the duties
 Observe the nursing staffs’ motivation
 observe individual nursing staff carry out his/her tasks.
Stage three: follow up of supervision

 prepare a report on the observations made

This report is used as a tool for taking follow up actions
which may include:
 Organizing in-service training programmes /continuing
education programmes
 Reorganization of time table/work plan or duty roster.
 Initiating changes in system.
 Initiating actions for organizing staff welfare activities.
 Counseling and guidance
TYPES OF SUPERVISION

 direct supervision
 indirect supervision
TYPES OF SUPERVISION

DIRECT SUPERVISION:

 This is done through face to face talk with the

workers.
considerations essential in direct supervision:
 Do not loose temper or abuse
 Use democratic approach and avoid autocratic methods
 Give worker a chance to reply
 Do not talk too much and too fast
 Be human in behavior
 Do not take it granted that the worker has understand
everything told to him
 Do not give instructions in a haphazard way.
INDIRECT SUPERVISION:

 with the help of record and reports and through

written instructions or through some agency
 Ensuring - carrying out allotted work in accordance
with the plan of operation
 Analyzing the monthly progress reports
 Analyzing the job
METHODS OF SUPERVISION:

 Technical Vs Creative supervision

 Co-operative Vs Authoritarian supervision
 Scientific Vs Intuitive supervision
Technical
 Group conferences, group discussions.

Creative supervision
 service study, record construction, time study etc
Co-operative
 full participation of each member

Authoritarian
 responsibility centers entirely on the supervisor
Scientific
 relies on objective study and measurement than
personal judgment opinion .

Intuitive
 personal judgment opinion
STYLES OF SUPERVISION

Task centered:
 When the supervisor emphasizes the task more than
the performer whom she/he supervised.

Employee centered:
 Such supervisors are people oriented.
other supervisory styles

 An autocratic - cannot tolerate any deviation from

norms, lack of quality in work, lack of discipline
 A Benevolent supervisor - very protective of her
subordinates
 A democratic - provides guidance only when
requested by the subordinates
The effectiveness of the style depends on
The job factors include:
 The difficulty of the job
 The nature of the job
 Consistency of the task
 Need for creativity or new ideas.

The personal factors include:

 The skill, knowledge, expertise, and experience of working
staff.
 Their attitudes and willingness
 Common techniques and tools of
supervision are:

 Observation, e.g. through field visit, spot-

checking.
 Supervisory rounds
 Individual and/or group conferences
 Check list:
 TECHNIQUES USED FOR A
STAFF NURSE & STUDENT NURSE :

 Initial conference: planned conference at regular

intervals
 first experience is highly important
 Assistance with bed side care
 Reassurance
 Supervision of nursing procedures
 Incidental teaching : planned teaching
 TECHNIQUES USED FOR A
STAFF NURSE & STUDENT NURSE :

 Answering and asking questions

 Demonstration of desirable performance
 Positive suggestions
 Making opportunities for observation of unusual
symptoms
 Anecdotal records kept by the head nurse
 QUALITIES OF A GOOD
SUPERVISOR/SUPERVISION

 Thoroughness
 Fairness
 Initiative
 Enthusiasm
 Emotional control
 Personal qualification
 Teaching ability
 General out look
 Skills, knowledge and attitude required for
supervision
Interpersonal and professional skills:
 Each human being has individual attitudes, values and
beliefs.

Attitude:
 encouraging and right attitude for making her
supervision effective.
 PRINCIPLES OF SUPERVISION

Good supervision
 Generates quality of services
 coordinated and unifies efforts of the nursing staff.
 fosters the ability of each staff member
 based on the needs of the individual.
 respects the individuality of the staff members.
 PRINCIPLES OF SUPERVISION

Good supervision
 Supervision of graduate staff nurses differs from that
of students.
 to make the ward a good learning situation.
 well planned
 stimulates staffs to continue self improvement.
 to analyse continuously success
 helps create a social, psychological and physical
atmosphere
supervisor should consider certain points

 Do not over burden a staff.

 Do not exert undue pressure.
 Give autonomy to staff
 Be professionally and technically competent.
 Provide necessary counseling, guidance and training to
staff.
 Encourage staff in decision- making.
 Communicate with workers freely.
 Provide good leadership.
supervisor should consider certain points

 Ensure good planning, organizing and coordination.

 Create suitable climate for productive work.
 Encourage innovation allowing free flow of ideas.
Share experience specially.
 Understand the situation and the problems.
 Adopt positive and supportive attitude rather an
attitude for inspection.
 Focus on continued and sustained staff growth.
FACTORS OF EFFECTIVE
SUPERVISION:

 Human relations skill.

 Technical and managerial knowledge.
 Leadership position.
 Improved upward relations.
 Relief from nonsupervisory duties.
 General and loose supervision.
PROBLEMS OF SUPERVISION:

 Problems relating to the supervisor himself.

 Problems relating to the employees to the
supervised.
 Other problems.
Problems relating to the supervisor:
 The supervisor may lack of knowledge
 lack in leadership qualities.
 non co operative
 Only autocratic and authoritative
 Too rigid
 Failure in appreciating the importance of human
relationship
 Unwilling to stand and face opposition
Problems relating to the supervisor:
 Inability to delegate and make decisions
 Emotional instability
 Lack of self development
 Lacks good judgment
 Lack of motivation and interest to do work
 Lack of encouragement from surrounding
 Not flexible and adaptable
 Fails to recognize creative ability in employees
Problems relating to the employees

 Non co operative workers

 Rigid attitude of workers
 Lack of interest and motivation
 Lack of training of the employees
Other problems:
 Organizational gap
 Lack of facilities and equipment
 Unsuitable environment or working place.
 Lack of communication facilities.
 Overburdened work
 When the programme is not well planned.
 Lack of administrative support.
ISSUES RELATED TO SUPERVISION

 Non involvement of administration

 No specific power has been assigned to administrator.
 role ambiguity among administrators.
 No written policies and manuals.
 No proper job description for various nursing cadres.
 Lengthy hours of duty and split duty.
 Harassment of nurses by others.
 Shortage of qualified teachers in nursing.
Advantages of supervision

 Can be used as a method of measurement in all

nursing.
 Assess the work of all those involved.
 May be useful tool as a part of quality assurance
programme.
 Serves to improve nursing care.
Disadvantages

 Is time consuming.
 Requires trained supervisors.