CHEMISTRY PROJECT

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY
LIFE
 CERTIFICATE

 This is here by to certify that the original and

genuine investigation work has been carried out
to investigate the subject matter and the related
data collection and investigation has been
completed sincerely and satisfactorily by
(student name) of (class, section, school name),
regarding his project titled

“CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE”.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 It is hearty thanks to (principal name) of (school name) for the

given facilities and opportunity. Then I would like to thanks my
chemistry teacher (teacher name), whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full
proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as
the major contributor towards the completion of the project.
 Then I would like to thanks my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance have been
helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. Last but
not the least I would like to thanks my classmates who have helped
me a lot
 CONTENTS
 1.DRUGS
 2. ALCOHOL i. SOURCES
 3.COMBINATION OF DRUGS & ALCOHOLS
 4. TOBACCO i. SOURCES ii. EFFECT OF NICOTINE
 5. SOCIAL DISEASE
 6. SOAPS
 7. DETERGENTS i. CLEANSING ACTION
 8. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
WHAT IS DRUG ?
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis,
all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug. A drug may
also be defined as a chemical which, when taken in some way after
the body function. Drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the
term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that
can be habituating or addictive.

Meaning of Addiction
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and
physiological dependence on a substance or
practice. Which is beyond voluntary control.
A person who is habituated to a substance or
a practice, especially a harmful one, is called
an addict.
 Classification of Drugs

1. Sedatives and Tranquillizers

Examples  : Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines 
Effect : Depress CNS activity give feeling of
calmness, relaxation, drowsiness.
 
2. Opiate Narcotics  
Examples  : Opium, Morphine, codeine, Heroin 
Effect : Suppress brain activity relaxed pain
 Classification of Drugs

3. Stimulants
Examples  : Amphetamines, Caffeine, Cocaine
Effect : Make a person more wakeful, alert and active, cause
excitement.

4. Hallucinogens    
Examples  : LSQ, Mescalin, psilocybin,
Ganja, chares, Hashish. 
Effect : Alter thoughts, feeling and perceptions.
 Alcohol
 SOURCES :
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colourness liquid having a penetrating
odour and burning taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It is
the principal constituent and the in toxicating principle of wines.

 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ALCOHOL GETS IN STOMACH

Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and upper part of small intestine
and reaches all the tissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at once and a large
amount of heat in produced. Since heat is not needed in the body, it is taken
up by the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation. Since the receptors of
heat are located in the skin, the rush of blood to the skin gives a false
impression of warmth in the body. The blood supply of internal organs is
greatly reduced resulting in fall of temperature in them. Energy released by
alcohol is not used in any life process. Rather the energy derived from food is
used up in ridding the body of excess heat.
 COMBINATIONS OF DRUGS AND
ALCOHOLS
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate ‘kid’ or ‘charge’.
Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may produce dangerous effects,
including death. When barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each
doubles the effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin called speed
ball, gives spontaneous kick of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of heroin.

s.no Combination                                   Effect

1. Alcohol + Barbiturates                  Markedly increased depressant effect.

2. Alcohol + Antihistamines              Marked drowsiness
3. Alcohol + Valium                           Dramatically increases sedative effect.
4. Alcohol + Marijuana or Decreased coordination increased
Hashish   reaction time impaired judgement.
5. Alcohol + Aspirin                           Increased changes of damage to
gastric mucosa.
 TOBACCO

SOURCES :
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian
first started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has
spread the world over. It has large, quote to
Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of tubular,
white or pink flowers.
EFFECT OF NICOTINE :
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and
pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances
the risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of
nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
 Social Disease
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly are
social diseases. They adversely affect the health of the addicts and the
society. Young people take to these habits for fun, show off or
curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a gesture of
defiance against the elders who themselves indulge in these activities
but check the youngsters. Other factors that make people take to
these vices are inability to face problems of life indifference shown by
members of the family, and encouragement or pressure by friends.
Temporary escape from the life problems and mental relaxation felt on
taking the drugs in the beginning increase persons interest in them.
Soon they become habitual and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose
to get the desired effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is spreading in
India also. A large number of our young men and women have taken to
intoxicants. About 87.6 per cent drug addicts are between the ages of
14 and 25 years.
 SOAP
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of the long chain carboxylic
acid. A soap molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed
of carbons and hydrogen) with a carboxylic acid on one end which is
bonded to metal ion usually a sodium or potassium. A soap has a large
non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group COO-Na

 SAPONIFICATION
The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of
fats and oils with alkalise is called saponification.
Soap is made by heating animal fats or vegetable
oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide (NAOH).
Fat or Oil + NaOH → Soap + Glycerol
MICELLES – SOAP MOLECULES
 A soap molecule has two ends with different properties-
1. A long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic
(i.e. it dissolves in hydrocarbon).
2. A short ionic part containing COO-Na+ which
is hydrophilic (i.e. it dissolves in water).

WORKING OF MICELLES
When a dirty cloth is put is put in water containing soap than the
hydrocarbon ends of the soap molecule in the micelle attach to the oil or
grease particles present on the surface of dirty cloth. In this way the soap
micelles entraps the oily particles by using the hydrocarbon ends. The ionic
ends of the soap molecules remain attached to the water when the dirty cloth
is agitated in soap solution. The oily particles presents on its surface gets
dispersed in the water due to which the cloth gets clean.
ADVANTAGES OF SOAP
 It helps keep skin clean.
 Soaps are eco-friendly and bio degradable
 Soap are antibacterial they can help kill germs.
 mild soap can wash off the corrosive acids that
drop on your skin & neutralize it .

DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP
 Soaps are not suitable in the hard water.
 They have weak cleansing properties than
detergents.
 Soap not suitable for washing woolen garments
 soap are less effective in saline water and acidic
water
 DETERGENTS
Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphuric acids.
Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be produced easily from
petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, essentially
making it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to
interact with oil and grease.
The ionic group is in a detergent is

CLEANSING ACTION
Synthetic detergents have the same type of molecular structure as soaps
i.e. a tadpole like molecule having two parts at each end i.e., one large non-
polar hydrocarbon group that is water repelling (hydrophobic) and one
short ionic group usually containing the  or   group that is water attracting
(hydrophilic). Thus the cleansing action is exactly similar to that of soaps
whereby the formation of micelles followed by emulsification occurs.
However, synthetic detergents can lather well even in hard water. This is
because they are soluble sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acid or
alkyl hydrogen sulphate and similarly form soluble calcium or magnesium
salts on reacting with the calcium ions or magnesium ions present in water.
This is a major advantage of the cleansing property of detergents over soap.
ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Since detergents are the salts of strong acids they do not decompose in
acidic medium. Thus detergents can effectively clean fabric even if the water
is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum they save on natural vegetable oils,
which are important as essential cooking medium

DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Many detergents are resistant to the action of biological agents and thus are
not biodegradable. Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by the
usual treatments is a problem.
They have a tendency to produce stable foams in rivers that extend over
several hundred meters of the river water. This is due to the effects of
surfactants used in their preparation. Thus they pose a danger to aquatic life.
They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters
because they form a sort of envelope around them.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS
 SOAPS
 Soap are sodium salts of fatty
acids.
 Obtain by natural resources
from plants and artificial(fast,
oil)
 They cannot be used
effectively in hard water
 Soaps are biodegradable
and do not cause pollution.
 DETERGENTS
 Detergent are sodium salts of
sulphoinc acids.
 They are prepared from
hydrocarbons of petroleum or
coal.
 Detergents clean well with
both hard or salt water.
 Some detergents are not non
biodegradable and cause
pollution.