Digital manipulation

techniques

By Nancy Goba
 • Long before now photography has always
been manipulated and changed throughout
the centuries . In fact in the early 1860’s
photography was manipulated a few
decades after the first photograph was
created by Niepce in 1814.
Intro • For example if you look at the in The portrait
of the U.S president Abraham Lincoln you
can tell that the photograph has been
manipulated if you look at the background in
which the president is standing in as well as
himself.
Corrective
manipulation
techniques
Dodge and burn
• Dodge and burn tools can be seen in software today
however many photographers and editors prefer not to
them and use an older method . The dodge and burn
method is used to lighten or darken areas in a
photograph. The term dodge is when the exposure to
an area is decreased removing light from the area and
making it dark. The Burn is the exact opposite applying
more light to an area that needed to ne darkened.
• The tools needed for dodging are a wire handle which
was attached to a disk that at times held an irregular
edge to it
• The tool for Burning an image was a sheet of paper
that had a hole in it but at times it could be their hand
that blocked the light with only certain gaps or holes
that allowed light to pass through
Examples

Dodge Burn
Colouring

• Colour saturation is the intensity of colour in an image. Increasing

the saturation of the colour causes it to become more intense and
purer but if you decrease the saturation the colour becomes
washed out and turns pure grey on the greyscale.
• In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell invented colour photography. He
took three images of a tattered ribbon using red, green and blue
filters and put the images together creating a coloured image.
• The colour used for the filters Red, green and blue were used to
make Maxwell's colour wheels in 1855. He would put a different
amount of each colour on the wheel and spit it causing the colours
to mix with one another which resulted in different colours
• These set up for the foundation of colouring for today where we
use colour saturation on our cameras, phones and software
Airbrush
• The term Airbrushing refers to any retouching done
to change the reality of a photo. This can include any
people, objects or physical features that have been
manually removed. This process was originally
created by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851 and was
known as The wet plate collodion process.
• The method involved adding soluble iodine to a
cellulose nitrate solution that would coat a glass
plate which was dipped in silver nitrate forming a
silver iodide. The wet plate is exposed in the camera
and develops by pouring pyro Gallic acid over it and
later fixed with a strong solution of sodium
thiosulfate.
• The picture to the side is Harry LeRoy Adams
Photographic Retouching Device that was created in
1946. The purpose of this device was to make it so
retouching required less skill and time, so that is was
better than manual retouching.
• However, it still required a human operator to hold
the pencil or brush down during the process.
Digital Blemish Removal.

•Digital Blemish removal is the process of removing

any physical imperfections in an image threw the use
of a computer or the software Abode photoshop. The
process work by taking an image of the subjects face
and using texture replacement to replace any spots,
scars or others into a smooth texture.
•It is often seen in magazines involving fashion and
beauty to make their product more attractive to the
public. For example, the image to the right shows a
Faith Hills before and after Digital blemish was used.
Notice how some of her wrinkle and the spots on her
arm have disappeared Her hair also seems to have
become more vibrant, and her skin is more pale
Digital Colour Correction
• Digital Colour Correction is when the colour of an image is
changed to adjust to the temperature, exposure and
generally the scene itself to make it look accurate and not
out of place within the eyes of the audience. By doing using
this technique it gives it a more lifelike feel appealing to the
audience as the image is consisting between the scenes for
example the image to their right shows a woman before
and after Digital colour correction was applied.
• The left side of the image is dark and very dull saturation
but is the natural setting for which the image was taken in
however on the right is what we see when Digital Colour
correction is applied. The saturation is much brighter and
looks more appealing than the other and the background
had become much brighter having the shadow removed
and replaced with light
creative digital
manipulation
techniques
Pre-digital use of
manual
photomontage
• Photomontage is a combination of several
different shots that have been rearranged
and joined together presenting an artistic
effect. This allows photographers to
change and manipulate the shots to create
meaning with their images.
• An example of this would be the “The Two
Way of Life” that was the first and most
famous of manual photomontage that was
created by Oscar Rejiander in 1857. The
Two Ways of Life represented the choice
between life and virtue as you can see
within the picture on the left men
gambling and other youths indulging in
lust seen from the naked women which
are all seen on the left side while the right
represents a more religious path and work
Digital photo-
compositing
• Digital photo-compositing is the
combination or use of different images
to create a new concept or image
threw a computer. The technique is
usually easy to see as the image will
often have an unreal almost dream
like quality to it similar to how this
woman in the image is levitation with
a pillow. This was likely two separate
taken separately with the woman's
original background being erased
leaving her and the pillow to be
combined with the other image
making it seem as though she was
floating
Digital visual effects and
filters

• Digital visual effects and filters is when an image is

created to look and act realistic, and these are
more commonly seen in movies as almost all
movies produced use Digital visual effects and
filter which can be referred to as VFX or CGI
depending on which is being used
• Note that VFX (Visual Effects) and CGI (Computer
Generated Image) are two different things. VFX
create on-screen imagery which have no real
existence (there is no live footage). While the
process of CGI needs everything digitally created
weather it be 2D or 3D
• A good example of this is seen in all avenger’s
movies. The image shows you how the shot of
avenger's endgame was taken behind the scenes
before and after digital visual effects were added,
you can see. You can clearly see the additions of
characters and Wanda’s magic activating as well as
a white horse
Legal and ethical issues

• Unless the owner themselves have given you permission to use their work you will be sued if you have
used their photo for your own benefit or even modified it.( Modifying an image still counts as copyright
infringement or theft so you will be sued if you are caught)
• The best way to avoid copyright infringement would be to use you own photos or reading the rules the
photographer had set for the image which will mention weather or not you are allowed to use their
image.
• The same is if you take a photo without permission , it doesn’t matter if they give you credit for said
image legally it is copyright infringement and will lead to you getting sued if you don’t have permission. A
good example of this is using an image of a celebrity to promote a product which is alright if they give
permission but in much smaller businesses there are times they will use a celebrities face on a cheap
product so that it sells and there is a huge chance that the image the used was taken by a much bigger
company which can and will result in being sued by the company and celebrity themselves if caught or
reported.