Introduction to

Civil Engineering Design

Instructor: Dr. Md. Imran Kabir

 Design vs Analysis

• Analysis: Analysis usually means the determination of the force effects (Shear, BM,
axial forces, deflections etc.) for a given set of loads in a structural member
• Design: Development of a structural layout or arrangements of members to support a
given set of loads.

In the context of this course: selection of shape and sizes of members to resist certain
loads.

The design criterion are:

1. Minimum cost
2. Minimum weight
3. Minimum construction time
4. Minimum labor
5. Minimum cost of manufacture of owner’s product
6. Minimum efficiency of operation to owner.
Design Procedure
 Loads on structure

Dead (permanent)/Gravity Loads

Live Loads - Significantly more variable than dead loads.
Impact loads
Snow loads
Wind Loads
Earthquake Loads
Temperature Loads
Types of structural steel members

Fig: Standard rolled shapes

Types of structural steel members

Fig: Cold Formed Shapes

Types of structural steel members

Fig: Typical tension members

Types of structural steel members

Fig: Typical compression

members
Types of structural steel members

Fig: Typical beam members

 Design Philosophies

 AISC-Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

 AISC-Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

AISC-Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

ASD is based on the concept that the maximum stress in a component is not to exceed a
certain permitted or allowable stress under normal service conditions.

 Also called Working Stress Design (WSD).

 It is often referred to as an elastic design method.
 Many of existing structures have been designed using ASD.
 The designer estimates the “working loads” (loads that the
structure may conceivably have to support) and proportions the members on the
basis of certain allowable stresses.
 Design Philosophies

AISC-Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

-Allowable stresses are a function of:
• Yield strength
• Stability considerations
-The basis for a “safe” design is

Ra ≥ F

Where Ra is the allowable resistance and F is the working/service loads effect.

Example of ASD
 Although ASD designed structures have performed
adequately over the years, the actual level of safety is not
known- Major drawback

Safety factors have been derived from experience

What do we do when we don’t have experience?

 Design Philosophies

AISC- Load Resistance Factored Design (LRFD)

-Evolved in the past 40 years

-latest version is released in 2005.

-A probability-based model
-Calibrated with the 1978 AISC-ASD specification
-Evaluated using judgment and experience along with studies of representative
structures conducted by design offices.

Fig: Reliability Index

 Design Philosophies

AISC- Load Resistance Factored Design (LRFD)

-Evolved in the past 40 years

-latest version is released in 2005.

-A probability-based model
-Calibrated with the 1978 AISC-ASD specification
-Evaluated using judgment and experience along with studies of representative
structures conducted by design offices.
 Design Philosophies

AISC- ASD
 Design Philosophies

AISC- Load Resistance Factored Design (LRFD)

 Load Combinations

AISC-ASD AISC-LRFD
D 1.4D
D+L 1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
D+L+(Lr or S or R) 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W)
D+(W or 0.7E)+L+(Lr or S or R) 1.2D+1.3W+0.5L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
0.6D+W 1.2D1.0E0.5L0.25S
0.6D+0.7E 0.9D(1.3W or 1.0E)

D= dead load
L= live load

Lr= roof live load

W= wind load
S= Snow load
E = earthquake load
R = rainwater or ice load
Relationship between safety factor and resistance factor