Neutrino Astronomy

• Why Neutrinos
• Questions in ultra high energy astrophysics
– Source of UHE cosmic rays
– GRBs
– AGN
– Other Physics Questions – DM, Top Down models, etc
• Understanding the W-B bound
– Why the kilometer scale or bigger
• Overview of experimental approach
– Cherenkov Detectors- IceCube – Nestor, Antares, Baikal
– Radio - Rice, Anita, Salsa

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Why Neutrinos

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Why not protons?
• Protons are bent in the magnetic fields of our
galaxy and local cluster
• Energy of >1019eV needed to point back to even
galactic sources
• Above a few 1019eV GZK cutoff limits their range
too

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Effect of IR Absorption on Distant Sources

IR Model of Stecker & deJager (1998)

z=
z = 0.0
z 0.
= 03
0.
1
e- ~TeV 

z
=
z=

0.
2
0 .3
e+

• No direct measurement of IR extragalactic background

~eV  light exists due to zodiacal foreground.
• TeV absorption constrains IR which depends on
cosmology of galaxy and star formation models.

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Photon Attenuation on IR

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Questions in ultra high energy astrophysics

Source of UHE cosmic rays

GRBs
AGN
Dark Matter
Other Physics Questions

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Origin of Cosmic Rays

Extragalactic flux
sets scale for many
Atmospheric acceleration models
neutrinos

See
Monday PM
& Thursday
AM
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 Knee

Ankle
New component
with hard spectrum?

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Alternative Models

Bottom up
Top-down
– GRB fireballs – Radiation from topological defects
– Jets in active galaxies – Decays of massive relic particles in
– Accretion shocks in galaxy Galactic halo
clusters – Resonant neutrino interactions on
– Galaxy mergers relic ’s (Z-bursts)
– Young supernova remnants
– Pulsars, Magnetars • Mostly pions (s,s,not protons)
– Mini-quasars
• Disfavored!
– …
• Highest energy cosmic rays
• Observed showers either • are not gamma rays
protons (or nuclei)
• Overproduce TeV-neutrinos

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 SNRs

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 HESS: RXJ1713

First resolved
TeV -ray image of a
Shell type SNR
(Resolution ~10
arcmin)

Acceleration source
of Cosmic Rays, but
is it evidence of
Protons?

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 HESS: RXJ1713 – Molecular Clouds

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 RXJ1713 Spectrum

See HESS
Talk
H.E.S.S.: full remnant Tuesday
Afternoon
CANGAROO: hotspot

In favor of 0:
Index 2.2±0.07±0.1
• no cut-off in the
Index HE tail of HESS
2.84±0.15±0.20 spectrum

• signal from the

preliminary
direction of
molecular clouds

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Have-rays from 0 decay been discovered?

E N (E) =  E N (E)

1<<

8
transparent accelerator
source beam dump
0 = + = - (hidden source)

 flux predicted observed -ray flux

~40 per km2 RX J1713-3946
per year (galactic center)

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Milagro (TeV) Diffuse Source

See
Milagro
Talk Tues
Afternoon
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 Active Galactic Nuclei

Radiation field:

Produces cosmic ray beam

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)

Shock fronts
Jets

Fermi acceleration
Black Hole
Accretion Disk
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 VLA image of Cygnus A

See Monday
Morning
AGN
Session
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 GZK

p + CMB →  + n + 0.6 x 10-27 cm2

Cross Section mb)

(
0.1

= (ncmb  p + )-1 γ+ p→Δ（1232）

→ πo p or π+ n

= 10 Mpc 0.01
Gamma Beam Energy (GeV)

Cutoff above 50 EeV ＋

 ＋

p  π＋ μ e 
E = 6 x10 19 eV n p
E ~4 x 10 19 eV

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 GZK

Cosmogenic
neutrinos are
guaranteed if
primaries are
nucleons.
May be much
larger fluxes, for
some models,
such as
topological defects

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 GZK

See
Monday
PM + Thurs
AM Sess.
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 GRBs

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 GRBs
Shocks: external collisions with interstellar material
or internal collisions when slower material is
overtaken by faster in the fireball.

See Wed
AM+ Thu
PM GRB
sessions
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
Fireball Phenomenology & The Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) Neutrino Connection
Electron
---

Progenitor
(Massive Magnetic Field
-
star) ray
6 Hours 3 Days

-ray
e- Optical
p+ X-ray (2-10 keV)

Radio
Shock variability is reflected in
E  1051 – 1054 ergs the complexity of the GRB time
profile.
p       n               e    e   

R < 108
cm
R  1014 cm, T  3 x 103 seconds
Meszaros, P
R  1018 cm, T  3 x 1016 seconds

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Lorentz Invariance Violation
Bounds on energy dependence of the speed of light can be used to place
constraints on the effective energy scale for quantum gravitational effects.
E2 = m2c4 +p2c2 - in the Lorentz invariant case,

E2-c2p2~E2(E/EQG)- This may be modified in some quantum gravity

models.

This has the important observational consequence that this will give
rise to energy dependent delays between arrival times of photons.
The expected time delay is : t ~ (E/EQG) L/c

This
See may be measurable
Wed. for very high energy photons/neutrinos coming
from large distances.
Afternoon

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Galactic Microquasars

See Talk
Monday
Morning

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 What About Dark Matter?
• ~85% of the matter in the Universe is Dark Matter
– At most a few % of the matter is baryons
– Most people believe that the lightest SUSY particle is a
stable neutralino and is probably the dark matter
– These are weakly interacting and heavy
– Evidence of clustering

See Friday
Afternoon
Session on
Dark Matter
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 Wimp Capture


Earth



Detector

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Wimp Detection

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Neutrino Astronomy Explores Extra Dimensions

100 x SM

GZK range

See
Wednesday
TeV-scale gravity increases PeV -cross section
Afternoon
Session
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 Cosmic Neutrino Factory

black hole

radiation
enveloping
black hole

p +  -> n + +
~ cosmic ray + neutrino
-> p + 0
Neutrino Astronomy ~ cosmic ray + gamma
J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 W-B Bound

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Evading the Bound
• “Neutrino only” sources that are optically
thick to proton photo-meson interactions
and from which protons cannot escape.
– No observational evidence (from baryons
or high energy photons)
• Cores of AGNs (rather than in the jets) by
photo-meson interactions or via p−p
collisions in a collapsing galactic nucleus or
in a cacooned black hole.
– The most optimistic predictions of the
AGN core model have already been ruled
out by AMANDA

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Mannheim, Protheore and Rachen Model

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Neutrinos from Cosmic Rays

~50 events/km2/yr

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Size Perspective for KM3

AMANDAI
I

300 m
1500 m

50 m

2500 m

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Detection Technique

Cerenkov
light cone muon or tau

detector interaction
See Talks
in this
•Session
The muon radiates blue light in its wake
•Optical sensors capture (and map) the light neutrino
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 Detection ofe

O(km) long muon tracks Electromagnetic and hadronic cascades

 17 m ~5m

direction determination
by cherenkov light timing

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Muon Events

Eµ= 6 PeV Eµ= 10 TeV

Measure energy by counting the number of fired PMT.

(This is a very simple but robust method)
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 Determining Energy

10 TeV  6 PeV  375 TeV

Cascade

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 
Double Bang
Learned, Pakvasa, 1995

 + N -->- + X

 + X (82%)
Regeneration makes Earth quasi
transparent for high energie ;
(Halzen, Salzberg 1998, …)
Also enhanced muon flux due to
Secondary µ, and µ
(Beacom et al.., astro/ph 0111482)

E << 1PeV: Single cascade

(2 cascades coincide)
E ≈ 1PeV: Double bang
E >> 1 PeV: partially contained
(reconstruct incoming tau track
and cascade from decay)
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005
 Tau Cascades

E << 1PeV: Single cascade

(2 cascades coincide)
E ≈ 1PeV: Double bang
E >> 1 PeV: partially contained
(reconstruct incoming tau track
and cascade from decay)

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Neutrino ID (solid)
Energy and angle (shaded)
Neutrino flavor


e
e


6 9 12 15 18 21
Log(energy/eV)

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Tau Transparency/Regeneration
• e and µ are absorbed in the Earth
via charged current interactions
(muons range out)
• Above ~100 TeV the Earth is opaque
to e & νµ.
• But, the Earth never becomes
completely opaque to 

• Due to the short lifetime, ’s

produced in  charged-current
interactions decay back into 

• Also, secondary e & νµ. fluxes are

produced in the tau decays.

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Flavor Ratios
• The ratio of flavors at the source is expected to be
0:2:1=  :  : e
• Since the distance to the source is >> than the
oscillation length – any admixture at the source
should wind up:
1:1:1=  :  : e
when arriving at earth

• What if that isn’t true?

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Exotic neutrino properties if not 1:1:1
• Neutrino decay (Beacom, Bell, Hooper, Pakvasa& Weiler)
• CPT violation (Barenboim& Quigg)
• Oscillation to steriles with very tiny delta δm2
(Crocker et al; Berezinskyet al.)

• Pseudo-Dirac mixing (Beacom, Bell, Hooper, Learned, Pakvasa&

Weiler)

• 3+1 or 2+2 models with sterile neutrinos (Dutta, Reno

and Sarcevic)

• Magnetic moment transitions (Enqvist, Keränen, Maalampi)

• Varying mass neutrinos (Fardon, Nelson & Weiner; Hung & Pas)

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Supernova Monitor
B10:
60% of Galaxy Amanda-II
A-II:
95% of Galaxy
Amanda-B10

Count rates

0 5 10 sec

IceCube
IceCube:
up to LMC

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Large Scale Neutrino Detectors
ANTARES BAIKAL
La-Seyne-sur-Mer, France Russia

NEMO See Talks

Catania, Italy
in this
NESTOR Session
Pylos, Greece

IceCube, South Pole, Antarctica

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Radio Cherenkov Detectors

Rice Anita Salsa

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Acoustic Detectors

SAUND
(Study of Acoustic Underwater Neutrino Detection)

Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005

 Conclusions
Neutrino Astronomy is just beginning to open a
new window on the Universe!

Now Soon Future

Amanda Cherenkov arrays ???
SK Radio Detectors
Neutrino Astronomy J. Goodman – Univ. of Maryland March 2005