ENZYMES

GROUP 1
 SUBTOPICS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION AND
01 CHARACTERISTICS 02 CHARACTERISTICS

03 ENZYMATIC REACTION 04 ISO-ENZYMES

FACTORS AFFECTING
05 COENZYMES 06 ENZYME ACTIVITY

07 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
01.
DEFINITION AND
CHARACTERISTICS
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 DEFINITION

■ Protein catalysts

■ Increases rate and specificity of biochemical reactions

■ Reduce activation energies

■ Mostly globular proteins

 CHARACTERISTICS

■ Mostly proteins and follow the physical and chemical reactions of

proteins

■ Sensitive and labile to heat

■ Water soluble

■ Could be precipitated by protein precipitating agents

 02.
CLASSIFICATION AND
NOMENCLATURE
 TRIVIAL NAMING
■ Suffix –ase on substrate

IUBMB NOMENCLATURE
■ First part: substrate
■ Second part: type of reaction catalyzed
■ Third part: Enzyme Commission (EC) number
4-Digit EC number
■ 1 Digit: Major class
st

■ 2nd Digit: Subclass

■ 3rd Digit: Sub-subclass within major class
■ 4th Digit: Serial number within sub-subclass
CLASSIFICATION
EC NO. CLASS REACTION EXAMPLE

Oxidation/reduction
1 Oxidoreductases
reaction
Lactate dehydrogenase

Transfer of functional
2 Transferases
groups
Aminotransferase

3 Hydrolases Hydrolysis Acetylcholinesterase

CLASSIFICATION
EC NO. CLASS REACTION EXAMPLE

Addition or removal of
4 Lyases H20, NH3, or CO2 Aldolase
across double bonds

5 Isomerases Isomerization Triose phosphate isomerase

Joins 2 chemical
6 Ligases groups with the use of Acetyl CoA carboxylase
ATP
 CLASSIFICATION based on
COMPOSITION
Simple Enzymes: Wholly protein
Complex Enzymes: Protein and a metal ion or small non-protein
organic molecule
 Metalloenzymes
 Metal-activated enzymes
 03.
ENZYMATIC
REACTION
 04.
ISO-ENZYMES
 Definition

 Physically distinct forms of the same enzyme activity.

 Arise through gene duplication and exhibit differences in properties.

 05.
COENZYMES
 DEFINITION and ROLE

■ Heat stable, low molecular weight organic compound

■ Prosthetic group of complex enzymes

■ Essential for biological activities of enzymes

■ Mostly derivatives of vitamin B complex

■ Transporters of chemical groups
○ Donate carried chemical grouping to acceptor molecule
06. FACTORS
AFFECTING
ENZYME ACTIVITY
 SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
As the concentration of substrate increases, the velocity of reaction increases.
Continued increase of substrate concentration may reduce the rate of reduction.

Vmax

½ Vmax

Km [S]
 ENZYME CONCENTRATION
Rate of enzymatic reaction is directly proportional to enzyme concentration.

[E]
 TEMPERATURE
Enzymatic reaction velocity increases with temperature but too much heat may
lead to denaturation resulting in a loss of efficiency

Optimum Temperature

Temperature in Celsius
 pH
Many enzymes are most efficient in pH 6-7. Enzymes loses efficiency outside of
this range due to changes in degree of ionization of the substrate and enzyme.
Optimum pH

pH Range
 Presence of Activators
Activators increases the rate of enzymatic reaction
 Inhibitors
Prevents the formation of a normal enzyme-substrate complex.
 Competitive Inhibition: depends on competition with the substrate for the
active sites of the enzyme
 Noncompetitive inhibition: combination of the inhibitor with the enzyme or the
enzyme substrate complex, to give inactive complexes
07.
CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
 PANCREATIC ENZYMES

α-AMYLASE LIPASE

■ Hydrolase ■ Hydrolase
■ Catalyze hydrolysis of 1,4-α-glycosidic linkages in ■ Requires bile salts and colipase
polysaccharides ■ Normal Value: 40-200 U/L
■ Normal Value: 28-100 U/L ■ Acute pancreatitis and
■ Acute pancreatitis and severe glomerular carcinoma of pancreas
impairment
 LIVER ENZYMES
HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE MARKERS

ALANINE
ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE
AMINOTRANSFERASE
■ Transferase ■ Transferase
■ High concentrations in cells of liver, cardiac and ■ High concentrations in cells of liver and lesser in
skeletal muscles, kidney, and erythrocytes skeletal muscles, kidney, and heart.
■ Normal Value: <35 U/L (Male) ■ Normal Value: <45 U/L (Male)
:<31 U/L (Female) :<34 U/L (Female)
■ Myocardial infarction or acute/viral hepatitis ■ Acute viral hepatitis
 LIVER ENZYMES
CHOLESTASIS MARKERS

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-TRANSFERASE

■ Hydrolase ■ Transferase
■ Hydrolyse organic phosphates ■ Catalyze transfer of γ-glutamyl group from peptides
at high pH ■ Normal Value: <55 U/L (Male)
■ Present in osteoblasts, cells of :<38 U/L (Female)
hepatobiliary tract, intestinal ■ Infectious hepatitis and induction of enzyme
wall, renal tubules, and synthesis by drugs or alcohol
placenta
 MUSCLE ENZYMES

CREATINE KINASE LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE

■ Transferase
■ Abundant in cells of brain, cardiac, and skeletal.
■ Normal Value: 46-171 U/L (Male)
:<34-145 U/L (Female)
■ Viral myositis, polymyositis and similar muscle
diseases. Also indicates myocardial infarction.
■ Isoenzymes: CK-BB, CK-MB, CK-MM
■ Oxidoreductase
■ Catalyze reversible interconversion of lactate and
pyruvate
■ Normal Value: 180-360 U/L
■ High concentrations in cardiac and skeletal muscle
■ Isoenzymes: LD-1 to LD-5
 OTHER ENZYMES OF CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
ACID PHOSPHATASE
DEHYDROGENASE
■ Hydrolase ■ Oxidoreductase
■ Hydrolyse organic phosphate at an acid pH ■ Helps protect RBCs from damage and premature
■ Prostate Cancer, investigation of sexual assault destruction
■ Responsible for the first step in the pentose
phosphate pathway
■ Hemolysis, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency
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