CULTURE OF BUILDING

01 | INTRODUCTION

theories & approaches of

Pre-Mid
socio-cultural production of
Exam
architecture
Topics
SOCIO-CULTURAL
HISTORIES OF MAKING,
USING & UNDERSTANDING
ARCHITECTURE
types of architecture After-Mid
and their socio-cultural Exam
productions Topics
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
ARCHITECTURE & THE LIFEWORLD 01 | INTRODUCTION

• Architecture is created in the lifeworld

• Architecture further participates in the

transformation of the lifeword

• A lifeworld is a real place where human lifes take

place, experienced and engaged in social
relations in a collective inter-subjectivity

• A food stall on a street corner and a grand plaza

surrounded by monumental buildings; both are
among the multitude of architecture creating the
atmosphere of intimate chatting or fabulous festival
by engaging in the lifeworld.

Further discussion on LIFEWORLD

Lifeworld - The Sociology of Alfred Schutz - YouTube
Lifeworld - Wikipedia
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
ARCHITECTURE & THE LIFEWORLD 01 | INTRODUCTION

LIFEWORLD
LIFEWORLD: (PLACE + ENVIRONMENT,
The meaningful CULTURE, SOCIETY,
complex of Kudus ECONOMICS etc.)
Menara Mosque and its
relation with cultural,
social and economic life
of the people of Kudus. PLACE
(ARCHITECTURE +
PLACE LANDSCAPE, PEOPLE
Kudus Menara Mosque and MEANING)
meaningfully situated in
a dense urban
landscape.
ARCHI-
ARCHITECTURE TECTURE
Kudus Menara Mosque (SPACE +
BUILDING)
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
ARCHITECTURE: FROM QUALITY TO PROCESS 01 | INTRODUCTION

FIRMENES MAKING
S

EXPERI- UNDER-
UTILITY DELIGHT ENCING STANDING

VITRUVIUS, Marcus Pollio KLASSEN, Winand W.

The Ten Book of Architecture Architecture and Philosophy

Architecture is an object Architecture is a process

possessing these qualities involving these actions
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
ARCHITECTURE AS PROCESS (KLASSEN) 01 | INTRODUCTION

MAKING ARCHITECTURE
• Mental Activity: Conceiving Building
• Physyical Activity: Constructing Building

EXPERIENCING ARCHITECTURE
• Mental Activity: Imagining Function
• Physical Activity: Being & Doing Actions Within

UNDERSTANDING ARCHITECTURE
• Mental Activity: Perceiving Architecture
• Physical Activity: Explaining Architecture
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
THE CULTURE OF BUILDING AS PROCESS 01 | INTRODUCTION

MAKING ARCHITECTURE

• Mental Activity: CONCEIVING BUILDING

in conceiving building, the builders imagine the

forms, roles, benefits and activities conducted
within the building when the construction is
completed.

• Physyical Activity: CONSTRUCTING BUILDING

in constructing building the builder assemble

materials and building components in such a way
to fulfil theintentions and conceptions formulated
before).
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
THE CULTURE OF BUILDING AS PROCESS 01 | INTRODUCTION

In CONCEIVING Building people considers many

aspects (aesthetic, symbolic, functional, technical,
financial, environmental, etc.) once the building is
completed and ready to participate in the lifeworld.

Those considerations are projected to the future

based on the knowledge and experiences from the
past framed by socio-cultural understanding of the
context and situations.

The people involved in this process may include the

owners, the prospective users, designers/architects,
builders/carpenters, regulators/government, or public
in general who share the conception about the
building (i.e. a mosque with dome is a common
conception among the people in the society).
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
THE PEOPLE 01 | INTRODUCTION

The people involved in this process may

include the owners, the prospective users,
designers/architects, builders/carpenters,
regulators/government, or public in general
who share the conception about the
building.

In the action of understanding architecture,

for instance, people in some societies
understand a mosque a buiding with but not
in some other societies.

• Sehzade Mehmet Mosque, Istanbul

• Great Mosque of Yogyakarta
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
THE CULTURE OF BUILDING AS A COLLECTIVE PROCESS 01 | INTRODUCTION

SOCIO-
CULTURAL
In the Culture of Building, a building is CONTEXT
seen as a socio-cultural product,
therefore, this process is also carried out
in collectivity either by direct MAKING
participations or by tacit agreements
rather than by individual initiative

EXPERI- UNDER-
ENCING STANDING
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
THE SOCIETY 01 | INTRODUCTION

A society is a group of individuals involved

in persistent social interaction, or a large
social group sharing the same spatial or
social territory, typically subject to the
same political authority and dominant
cultural expectations.
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY: IBN KHALDUN’S UMRAN 01 | INTRODUCTION

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) is a prominent Islamic scholar, in the

science of history and sociology. He attempts to formulate “the law
of history” which governs the rise and fall of society and civilization
(‘umran).

The most important characteristic Ibn Khaldun attributes to

civilization is that it is like a living organism which has a beginning,
grows and develops, and comes to an end. The aspects of
civilization (the state, the city, economic life, and the sciences) rise
and fall almost always in the same manner.

The core factor of the rise and fall of an umran is ashabiyah (or
group feeling and solidarity).

The root-verb of the abstract substantive 'Umran is '-m-r, whose principal

meanings are: 'live', 'inhabit', 'dwell', 'remain in a place', 'a place that becomes
inhabited', 'stocked', or 'cultivated (with people, animals, or plants)'. Other
meanings include: 'cultivate', 'build’, 'institute', 'promote', 'observe', 'visit'
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
IBN KHALDUN’S UMRAN BADAWI + UMRAN HADHARI 01 | INTRODUCTION

STRENGTHENING ASHABIYAH

• Sophisticated life
• Simple life
UMRAN UMRAN • Large scale group
• Small scale group BADAWI HADHARI
WITH SIMPLE + WITH ADVANCED + • Hierarchical
• Egalitarian
NOMADIC LIFE) SEDENTARY LIFE)
• Weak ashabiyah
• Strong ashabiyah

WEAKENING ASHABIYAH
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
IBN KHALDUN’S UMRAN BADAWI + UMRAN HADHARI 01 | INTRODUCTION

CITY

UMRAN UMRAN
NOMADIC BADAWI HADHARI STATE
WITH SIMPLE + WITH ADVANCED
NOMADIC LIFE) + SEDENTARY LIFE)

DISTINTEGRATED REGIONS
CASE DISCUSSION 1
THE VESSEL
(Hetherwick Studio, NYC)

Designed as a unique place to bring

people together and enjoy the view
and experience of New York City, The
Vessel was very successful in attracting
visitors.

Two years later, however, this structure

was closed due to a series of sucides
committed in this place.

Discuss in the class on what do you

think about the way the society
understand and experience
about this architecture.

Interesting presentation of THE VESSEL by Heatherwick Studio

www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYfRqBUA2_g&feature=emb_logo
OUTLINE OF THE COURSE
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 01

INTRODUCTION
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ARCHITECTURE & SOCIETY

• Architecture and how it participates in the lifeworld

(with inclusive social-cultural-historical approaches)

• Evolution of society and the evolution of architecture

(Ibn Khaldun concept of the nomadic and sedentary
civilization)

• The involvement of society in the process of making,

using and understanding architecture.

References:
• Lucas, Ray (2020) Anthropology for Architects: Social Relations and the Built
Environment.
• Khaldun, Ibn (2015) The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History.
• Klassen, Winand (1990) Architecture and Philosophy
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 02

THE QUEST OF DWELLING

THE FUNDAMENTAL INTENTIONS OF PLACE
MAKING & THE CREATION OF ARCHITECTURE

• To dwell meaningfully as the essence of

architecture, manifested in the: 1) natural dwelling
(inhabited landscape), 2) private dwelling (house),
3) communal dwelling (village), 4) public dwelling
(public space).

• Types of architecture and types of social relations:

living, performing, gathering & exchange.

References:
• Norberg-Schulz, Christian (1985) The Concept of Dwelling.
• Lucas, Ray (2020) Anthropology for Architects: Social Relations and the Built
Environment.
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 03

TRADITIONAL
APPROACHES

• Common knowledge, common means and common

taste in traditional society.

• Traditional types and styles as social agreement

• Accommodating changes in traditional approaches

• New Traditionalism and New Urbanism

References:
• Ingold, Tim (2013) Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture
• Lucas, Ray (2020) Anthropology for Architects: Social Relations and the Built
Environment.
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 04

SOCIAL ENGINEERING
APPROACHES

• History & Development of Social Engineering

Approach in Architectural design
• Building as a means of social reformation
• From Phalanstere to Co-Living: Building to Organize
and transform the society
• Architecture au Revolution: Frm contemporary city
to contemporary house
• Pruit-igoe Story and the limit of social engineering
in architecture

References:
• Ingold, Tim (2013) Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture
• Lucas, Ray (2020) Anthropology for Architects: Social Relations and the Built
Environment.
• Le Corbusier (1925) Towards an Architecture
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 05

COMMERCIAL
APPROACHES

• History & Development of Commercial Approach

• Building as commercial property

• Owner, user and designer in pre-industrial word

• Owner, user and designer in industrial world

• Type as rational calculation

References:
• .
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 06

BEHAVIORAL
APPROACHES

• History & Development of Behavioral Approaches

• Building to accommodate, to respond and to direct

behavior

• Pattern Language and the way to understand and to

improve the quality of the built-environment.

• Spatial Behavioral approaches in designing building

References:
• Alexander, Christopher (19xx) Pattern Laguage
• Hertzberger (20xx) Lessons for Students in Architecture
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 07

CONSERVATION
APPROACHES

• The values of the existing buildings

• The cultural, environmental andeconomic benefits

of building conservation and adaptation
(heritage/non-heritage)

• Technics and procedures of design and construction

in building adaptation

References:
• Douglas, James (2002) Building Adaptation
• Wilkinson, Sara (2000) Sustainable Building Adaptation
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 08

STUDENT
PRESENTATION
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 09

HOUSES
DOMESTICITY, FAMILY LIFE
AND ITS SPATIAL FORMATION

• History of Houses and other forms Living spaces

• Domesticity and socio-spatial grouping
• Domestic life – Family life
• Ownership, maintenance and affiliation of houses
• Types of houses

References:
• Waterson, Roxana (1991) Living House: Anthropology of Architecturein
Southeast Asia
• Lucas, Ray (2020) Anthropology for Architects: Social Relations and the Built
Environment.
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 10

VILLAGES & KAMPUNGS

COMMUNAL LIFE
AND ITS SPATIAL FORMATION

• History of Village and Kampung as Communal

Dwellings
• Pattern of villages and natural landscape
• Pattern of kampungs and urban landscape
• Spatial division, interconnection and orientation

References:
• Waterson, Roxana (1991) Living House: Anthropology of Architecturein
Southeast Asia
• Wiryomartono, Bagoes (2019) Traditions and Transformations of Habitation in
Indonesia_ Power, Architecture, and Urbanism
• Architecture: Indonesian Heritage Series
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 11

PUBLIC BUILDING
PUBLIC LIFE
AND ITS SPATIAL FORMATION

• History of Public Buildings and Public Life

• From pendopo to theater: Performance and
celebration of arts
• From marketplace to shopping malls: exchange and
trades
• From Village Hall to City Hall: socio-political assembly
and gathering
• From Prison, to School and Hospital: Rational
discipline of the society

References:
• Lucas, Ray (2020) Anthropology for Architects: Social Relations and the Built
Environment.
• Dovey, Kim (2000) Framing Places
• Markus, Thomas (1995) Building & Power
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 12

RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
SPIRITUAL & COMMUNAL LIFE
AND ITS SPATIAL FORMATION

• Spirituality and Religious Assembly: Sacredness and

Congregational

• House of God and House of the Believers

• Meaning and symbolism in religious buildings

• The social roles of Mosques in the classical period

to the contemporary life

References:
• Hasan Uddin Khan (1995) The Mosque
• Holod, Renata (2005) Contemporary Mosques
• Verkaik, Oscar (2013) Religious Architecture: Anthropological Perspectives
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 13

PARTICIPATORY
DESIGN
(PRINCIPLES)

• History & Development of Participatory design

• The benefit and challenges of participatory design

• Positioning people and their participation

• Ethics in participatory design

• Cases and figures in participatory design

References:
• imonsen & Robertson (2013) Routledge Handbook of Participatory Design
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
SESSION 14

PARTICIPATORY
DESIGN
(TECHNICS)

• Design for users, design with users, design by users

• Engaging people and inspiring people

• Managing participation

• Measuring the quality of the result

References:

• https://www.wbdg.org/resources/planning-and-conducting-integrated-design-
id-charrettes
 CULTURE OF BUILDING
ASYNCHRONOUS
SESSION 15

STUDENT [VIRTUAL]
PRESENTATION