Subject Name: Immunology

Subject Code: MTI 401

Unit No: I
Unit Name: Fundamentals of Immune System

Faculty Name : Dr. Reshma Pol

Index

Lecture 1 – Innate and adaptive immunity

Lecture 2 – Cytokines, Complement system
Lecture 3 – Cells of Immune system
Lecture 4 – Organs and Tissues of Immune System
Lecture 5 – Antigens, Hapten, Adjuvant, Types of
Antigenic determinants
Lecture 6 – Immunoglobulin: General Structure, types and
functions, Isotypes,
Affinity and Avidity

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Unit No: 1 Unit name: Fundamentals of Immune System

Lecture No: 3
Cells of the Immune system
Cells of Immune system

 Stem cells are found in the bone marrow (BM) of the host

 Cytokines cause stem cells to develop into immune cells

 All blood cells arise from Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)

• Reside in Bone Marrow

• Pluripotent

• 1 HSC Per 50,000 BM Cells (~3x108 cells in Mouse Bone Marrow)

• Extremely Proliferative If Need Arises

 HSC Differentiates to LPC (lymphoid progenitor cell) or MSC (myeloid stem cell)
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4 Lecture No: 3 Cells of Immune

system
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Hematopoietic Homeostasis

 Erythrocyte
 Average life span: 120 days
 Phagocytosed by macrophages in spleen
 WBC - LEUKOCYTES
 Life spans from 1 day to 20-30 years
 Apoptosis – programmed cell death

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Hematopoietic Homeostasis

Orderly Self Destruction and Disorderly

Neutrophils (5.0 x 1010) Last For a Few Days

Aberrant Apoptosis Can Give Rise To Leukemia

Apoptosis (orderly)

• Reduction In Cell Volume

• Chromatin Condensation

• DNA Degradation

• Macrophage Ingest Membrane Bound Bodies

• No Inflammation

Necrosis (Disorderly)

• Bursting of Cell Due To Injury

• Contents Released To Environment

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• Inflammation

Lecture No: 3 Cells of Immune

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system
 Cells of the Immune System

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Lymphocytes

B cells and T cells

– 20-40% of WBC – Adaptive immunity
– 3 populations – Small lymphocytes
1. B cells – Those that have not
2. T cells interacted with antigen are
called naïve
3. Natural Killer Cells
– Interaction with antigen –
proliferation into effector
cells (i.e. plasma cells) and
memory cells
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B Lymphocytes

 (B cells)
 Site of maturation
○ Bursa of fabricus in birds
○ Bone marrow in mammals
 Display membrane-bound immunoglobulin (antibody)
 Once antigen is encountered:
 Differentiation
- Plasma cells – antibody can be secreted, die within 1-2 weeks
- Memory B cells – same membrane-bound antibody as parent B cell,
longer life span

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T Lymphocytes

 (T cells)
 Site of maturation
○ Thymus
 T cell receptor
○ Only recognize antigen that is bound to cell membrane proteins called
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
○ Once antigen in encountered with MHC:
○ Differentiation
- Effector T cells
- Memory T cells
o 2 subpopulations
o T helper (TH)
o T cytotoxic (TC)
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o And now T regulatory (Treg)

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 T helper cells
 CD4 glycoprotein
 “help” activation of B cells, TC cells, macrophages in immune response
 T cytotoxic cells
 CD8 glycoprotein
 Recognition of MHC-antigen complex initiates differentiation into effector
cell called cytotoxic T lymphocyte
 Eliminates infected cells or cancerous cells
 T regulatory cells
 CD4 and CD25 glycoproteins
 Help suppress the immune system

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Natural Killer Cells

– Innate immune response

– Large, granular
– Recognize tumor or
virus-infected cells
– CD16 – which can
recognize a region of
antibody that has
attached to cell infected
by virus

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Other Leukocytes

Mononuclear phagocytes
 Monocytes circulate in blood and then migrate into tissue and differentiate
into specific macrophage
 Macrophages
 Intestinal macrophages in gut
 Alveolar macrophages in lungs
 Splenic macrophages in Spleen
 Histiocytes in connective tissue
 Kupffer cells in the liver
 Mesangial cells in the kidney
 Microglial cells in the brain
 Osteoclasts in bone
• Activated macrophages are more effective than resting ones
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 Mononuclear phagocytes

○ Complex antigens are

phagocytized, the resulting
phagosome fuses with a
lysosome
○ The digested antigen is then
eliminated through exocytosis
- Some of it is presented on
membrane on MHC
○ Phagocytosis is enhanced when
antibody is attached to the
antigen
- Antibody acts as opsonin: molecule
that binds to both antigen and
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Types of Granulocytes

 Granulocytes
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

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Neutrophils

 Granulocytes –
Neutrophils
◦ Multi-lobed nucleus,
light granules
◦ 1st to arrive at site of
inflammation
◦ High concentration is
1st indication of
infection
◦ Phagocytize
◦ Generate antimicrobial
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Eosinophils

 Granulocytes –
Eosinophils
◦ Phagocytize
◦ Play a role in
parasitic organisms

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Basophils

 Granulocytes –
Basophils
◦ Nonphagocytic
◦ Play a role in allergic
reactions

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Mast cells

 Mast cells
• Play important role
in development of
allergies

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Dendritic cells

 Dendritic cells
Long membranous extensions, look like dendrites
on nerve cells
Antigen presentation
4 major groups:
Langerhans DC
Interstitial DC
Monocyte-derived DC
Plasmacytoid-derived DC
 Follicular dendritic cells
Involved with B cell maturation Click icon to add picture

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Thank You