General, Organic, and

Biological Chemistry
Fourth Edition
Karen Timberlake

Chapter 8
Solutions

8.3
Solubility

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lectures
 Solubility
Solubility is the amount of solute that dissolves in a
specific amount of solvent at a given temperature and is

 affected by the type of solvent and temperature

 expressed as grams of solute per 100 grams of
solvent (usually water):

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 2

 Unsaturated Solutions
Unsaturated solutions
contain less than the
maximum amount of solute.

Dissolved
solute

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 3

 Saturated Solutions
Saturated solutions
contain the maximum
amount of solute that
can dissolve in the
solvent.

The rate at which the

solute dissolves equals Dissolved
solute
the rate at which the
solute forms. Undissolved
solute

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 4

 Learning Check
At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g of H2O.
Identify the following solutions as either saturated (S)
or unsaturated (U). Explain.

1. 200 g KBr is added to 200 g of water at 40 C.

2. 25 g KBr is added to 50 g of water at 40 C.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 5

 Solution
At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g of H2O.
Identify the following solutions as either saturated (S)
or unsaturated (U). Explain.
1. S 200 g KBr is added to 200 g of water at 40 C.
This is the same as 100 g of KBr in 100 g of
water, which is more than the solubility of 80 g
of KBr/100 g of water at 40 C.
2. U 25 g KBr is added to 50 g of water at 40 C.
This is the same as 50 g of KBr in 100 g of water,
which is less than the solubility of 80 g of KBr/ 100 g
of water at 40 C.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 6

 Effect of Temperature on
Solubility
Solubility depends on
temperature. The solubility

 of most solids increases

as temperature
increases
 of gases decreases as
temperature increases

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 7

 Solubility and Pressure
Henry’s law states that
 the solubility of a gas
in a liquid is directly
related to the
pressure of that gas
above the liquid
 at higher pressures,
more gas molecules
dissolve in the liquid

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 8

 Learning Check
1. Why could a bottle of carbonated drink possibly
burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun?

2. Why do fish die in water that is too warm?

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 9

 Solution
1. Why could a bottle of carbonated drink possibly
burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun?
Gases become less soluble at high temperatures
and leave the solution. As pressure inside the
container increases, the bottle could burst.

2. Why do fish die in water that is too warm?

Because O2 gas is less soluble in warm water, fish
cannot obtain enough O2 to survive.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 10

 Soluble and Insoluble Salts
Ionic compounds that
 dissolve in water are soluble salts
 do not dissolve in water are insoluble salts

Mixing certain aqueous solutions produces insoluble salts.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 11

 Solubility Rules
 Soluble salts
typically contain at
least one ion from
Groups 1A(1), NO3−,
NH4+ or C2H3O2−
(acetate).

 Most other
combinations are
insoluble.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 12

 Using the Solubility Rules

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 13

 Learning Check
Use the solubility rules to determine if each salt is
soluble or insoluble. Explain.

1. Na2SO4
2. MgCO3
3. PbCl2
4. MgCl2

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 14

 Solution
Use the solubility rules to determine if each salt is
soluble or insoluble. Explain.

1. Na2SO4 soluble; contains Na+

2. MgCO3 insoluble; contains carbonates
3. PbCl2 insoluble; insoluble chloride
4. MgCl2 soluble; only chlorides of Pb2+, Ag+,
and Hg22+ are insoluble

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 15

 Formation of a Solid
We can use solubility rules to predict whether a solid,
called a precipitate, forms when two solutions of ionic
compounds are mixed.

Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 16
 Equations for Forming Solids
A full equation shows the formulas of the compounds.

An ionic equation shows the ions of the compounds.

A net ionic equation shows only the ions that form a solid.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 17

 Guide to Writing New Ionic
Equations for an Insoluble Salt

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 18

 Learning Check
When solutions of Na2CO3 and Ba(NO3)2 are mixed, a
white solid forms. Write the ionic and net ionic equations
for the reaction.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 19

 Solution
When solutions of Na2CO3 and Ba(NO3)2 are mixed, a
white solid forms. Write the ionic and net ionic equations
for the reaction.

Step 1 Write the ions of the reactants.

Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq)

2Na+(aq) + CO32−(aq)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 20

 Solution
When solutions of Na2CO3 and Ba(NO3)2 are mixed, a
white solid forms. Write the ionic and net ionic equations
for the reaction.

Step 2 Write the combinations of ions and determine

if any are insoluble.
Mixture Product Soluble
2Na+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) 2NaNO3 (aq) yes
Ba2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) BaCO3(s) no

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 21

 Solution
When solutions of Na2CO3 and Ba(NO3)2 are mixed, a
white solid forms. Write the ionic and net ionic equations
for the reaction.

Step 3 Write the ionic equation, including any

insoluble salt as a solid.

Step 4 Write the net ionic equation deleting spectator

ions.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8 Section 3 22