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usually occurs in the outer third of a fallopian tube, the ampullar portion.
The functional life span of a spermatozoa is about 48 hours / may be as
/pregnancy.
The acrosomal layer of the sperm secrete the enzyme
hyaluronidase which disperse the corona radiata
(outermost layer of oocyte) allowing assess to zona
pellucida.
The sperm reaches to the zona pellucida and penetrates it.
Upon penetration a chemical reaction known as the
cortical reaction, which alters the zona pellucida
making it impermiable to other sperm.
The plasma membranes of the sperm and oocyte fuse,
each pronucleus containing 23 chromosomes refered as
haploid, and become diploid having 46 numbers of
chromosomes.
This new cell is called zygote.
During the first week the zygote travels along the
uterine tube towards the uterus, the zona pellucida
surrounds the zygote.
It nourished by glycogen secreted by globlet cell of
compaction.
Cavitation occur whereby the outermost cells secrete
cord.
The Decidua
This is the name given to the endometrium during
pregnancy.
Three layers are found in decidua.
The basal layer lies immediately above the
myometrium.
The functional layer consists of tortus glands which
Mesenchyme.
The syncitiotrophoblast is composed of nucleated
protoplasm which is capable of breaking down tissue
as in the process of embedding.
glands.
The three layers together are known as the embryonic
plate.
Embryoblast
Develops the embryo, and differentiate into two types
of cells
Epiblast- epiblast have three layers, which forms the
provides
Nourishment for the embryo until the trophoblast is
(day 20 of fert.)
Primitive heart tube is forming.
Vasculature begins to develop in embryonic disc.
Week 6
Gestational age-5 week
Embryonic age 4 weeks
Events
Embryo measures 4 mm
The heart bulge, and begins to beat in a regular rhythm.
The neural tube closes.
Arm buds and tail are visible.
Pulmonary primordium appear
Hepatic plate appear
Buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures.
This form the future mouth.
Anterior and posterior horns differentiate in the spinal cord.
Week 7- Embryonic age 5 week
Events-
Length is 9 mm
Lens pits and optic cups develops
Nasal pits form
Brain divides into 5 vessicles including the early
telencephalon.
Leg buds form.
The metanephros, precursor of kidney start to
develop.
Stomach differentiation begins.
Week 8
The embryo measures 13 mm (1/2 inch) in length.
Lungs begin to form.
The brain continues to develop.
Arms and legs have lengthened with foot and hand
areas distinguishable.
The hands and feet have digits, but may still be
webbed.
The gonadal ridge begins to be perceptible.
UROGENITAL
The lymphatic system begins to develop.
Main development of external genitalia starts.
Week 9
The embryo measures 18 mm (3/4 inch) in length.
Fetal heart tone (the sound of the heart beat) can be
ultrasound.
All essential organs have at least begun.
The vitelline duct normally closes connects the yolk
finished
Abdominal wall closes.
Week 17-21
The fetus reaches a length of 20 cm (8 inches).
Lanugo covers the entire body.
Eyebrows and eyelashes appear.
Nails appear on fingers and toes.
The fetus is more active with increased muscle
development.
"Quickening" usually occurs (the mother and others
body functions.
The eyelids open and close.
The respiratory system, while immature, has
inches).
The fetus weighs about 2.5 to 3 kg (5 lb 12 oz to 6 lb
12 oz).
Lanugo begins to disappear.
Body fat increases.
Fingernails reach the end of the fingertips.
A baby born at 36 weeks has a high chance of survival,
shoulders.
Fingernails extend beyond fingertips.
Small breast buds are present on both sexes.
Head hair is now coarse and thickest
Functions of Placenta
Respiration - As pulmonary exchange of gases does not take place in the uterus the fetus must obtain
oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide through the placenta
Nutrition - Food for the fetus derives from the mother’s diet and has already been broken down into
forms by the time reachs the placenta site. The placenta is able to select those substances required by the
fetus, even depleting the mother’s own supply in some instances.
Storage - The placent metabolises glucose and can also stores it in the form of glycogen and reconverts it
to glucose as required. The placenta store iron and the fat soluble vitamins.
Excretion -The main substance excerted from the fetus is carbondioxide; bilrubin will also be excreted as
red blood cells are released relatively frequently.
Protection - It provides a limited barrier to infection with the exception of the treponeona of syphilis and,
few bacteria can penetrate. Viruses, however, can cross freely and may cause congenital abnormalities
as in the case the rubella virus and HIV virus.
Endocrine - Human chorinnic gondotroghin (HCG) is produced by the cytotrophoblastic layer of the
chorinonic villi. Oestrogens as the activity of the corpus luteum declines, the placenta takes over the
production of oestrogen, which are secreted in large amounts through out pregnancy. Human placental
lactogen (HpL) has a role in glucose metabolism in pregnancy. Progestrone
The Placental Circulation
The placenta is completely formed and functioning
from 10weeks after fertilization.
Between 12 and 20 weeks gestation the placenta
The placenta measures about 20 cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick from its
center.
It weighs 500 to 600 gm approximately one sixth of the baby’s weight at term.
1. The maternal surface maternal blood gives this surface a dark red colour
and part of the basal decidua will have been separated with it. The surface is
arranged in about 20 lobes which are separated by sulci
2. The fetal surface. The amnion covering the fetal surface of the placenta
gives it a whitish, shiny appearance. Branches of the umbilical veins and
arteries are visible and spreading out from the insertion of the umbilical cord
which is normally in the center.
THE AMINOTIC SAC consists of a double
memberane.
Chorion – Outer layer adher to the uterine wall.
Amnion.-The inner layer of the aminotic sac
FUNCTION
- Allows for free movement of the fetus
- Protects the fetus from injury
- Maintains a constant temperature for the fetus
- During labour it protects the placenta and umblical cord from the
pressure of uterine contraction
- Aids effeciement of the cervix and dilation of the uterine os
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA
• The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal
endometrium.
• Placenta grows throughout pregnancy.
• Development of the maternal blood supply to the placenta is complete by the end of the first
trimester of pregnancy (approximately 12–13 weeks).
Fertilization - Zygote The cleavage starts in the zygote immediately after fertilization and on 4th
day morula has formed.
The morula consists of two groups of cells:
• Inner Cell Mass (Central Cells)
• Outer Cell Mass (Peripheral Cells)
Within one day morula is converted into blastocyst consisting of same two groups of cells, now
with different names:
– Embryoblast derived from Inner Cell Mass
– Trophoblast derived from Outer Cell Mass
• Embryoblast forms the embryo proper
• Trophoblast forms the placenta and associated membranes.
Development of placenta starts as soon as blastocyst is attached to the endometrium.
Trophoblasts start proliferating rapidly and differentiate into two layers:
• Cytotrophoblast or cellular trophoblast
• Syncytial trophoblast (syncytiotrophoblast)
3 weeks after fertilisation -Small projections appear on the
trophoblastic layer of the blastocyst , proliferate to form
chorionic villi
• Abundant in decidua basalis called chorionic frontosum &
develops into placenta
• The villi under decidua capsularis are less abundant and
atrophy to form chorionic leave which later form chorion
Placental Development
• Chorionic villi erode the walls of maternal blood vessels and
opens up to form a pool of maternal blood(sinuses)
• Few villi attach deeply into decidua(anchoring villi)
• Placental circulation establishes by 17th day
• Placenta completely develops and functions by 10th week
after gestation
ANATOMICAL VARATIONS OF THE PLACENTA AND
THE CORD
SUCCENTURIATE LOBE OF PLACNETA:
A small extra lobe is present, separate from the main
surface.
It is formed by a doubling back of the chorion and
amnion.
Danger
May result in the membranes leaving the placenta
lobes.
Bipartite Placenta
PLACENTAL VARIATIONS
Placenta infarction
Placental infarction occurs when the blood supply to an
area of the placenta is blocked and tissue necrosis results.
It appears most commonly on the maternal surfaces and
than 40cm
Fetal circulation
INTRODUCTION
Fetal circulation is the term used to describe how
unique components.
In addition, fetal circulation is different from the
oxygenated.
Three shunts are present in fetal life:
1. Ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the
inferior vena cava
The blood from the umbilical vein that does not flow through the
ductus venosus enters the fetal liver via the portal vein.
The blood from the IVC enters the heart via the right atrium.
The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria
allowing most of the blood bypass the fetal lungs which are
unable to provide oxygen until the baby is born.
to the aorta.
The aorta is the largest artery in the body.
It carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
The blood from the left atrium then flows into the
left ventricle and out of the heart to the body via the
aorta.
Once the blood has supplied most of its oxygen content
inflow of blood.
arteriousm
The foramen ovale → the Fossa ovalis
The hypogastric arteries → the obliterated