Public Speaking

Things to consider when writing,

preparing for and giving a public
speech.
 Introduction
• Speeches are given to inform the audience,
persuade the audience, or to integrate
the members of an audience.
• People also listen for the same reasons
• Speaking skills increase a person’s effectiveness
and influence the decision of others.
• Speaking in public is an art form nearly as old as
humanity itself.
• Effective public speaking is INFLUENCE.
• INFLUENCE IS LEADERSHIP!!
 PLANNING A SPEECH

• As as a speech is planned, consider the

following:
• PURPOSE
• AUDIENCE
• OCCASION

If you can empathize with the audience, you

will be able to plan a better speech!
 Analyze the Audience

• Find out as much • # in group

information as • Ages
• Interests
possible about the
• Formal or informal
audience.
• Setting
• It will be helpful to • Time frame
know the following in • Room size
advance. • Place on program
 Analyze the Audience

• Keep in mind the following 3 questions when

analyzing your audience:
1. To whom am I speaking?

2. What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a

result of my speech?

3. What is the most effective way of composing or

presenting my speech to accomplish my aim?
 Select a Topic

1. Choose a topic that interests you.

2. Choose a topic in which you are knowledgeable
or want to become knowledgeable.
3. Choose a topic of interest to your audience.
 Brainstorming

• List topics within each area that interest you.

• Jot down words or phrases you know related to
those topic areas.
• Spend no more than two minutes on each topic
area.
• This process is called brainstorming.
– Example: Why to do B.Sc. Nursing
 Gather Information

• Benjamin Franklin once said:

– “An empty bag cannot stand upright.”
• Without solid material, your speech will fold like
Franklin’s bag.
• Start research by checking personal books and
magazines.
• Consult organizations and experts.
• Do research in a library and use the librarian
to help you search.
 Gather Information

• If the subject is controversial, make sure to get

expert opinions from both sides of the issue.
• Speaker’s can find quotations/Proverbs to support
their ideas in sources such as:
– Good reads, Brainy Quotes
– Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
 Record your Ideas

• When gathering material, write each item

of information on a note card with:
– Name of Source
– Page #
– Author
• Use quotations and statistics when they
are needed to make a point.
 Make an Outline

1. To help you recognize the speech’s

strengths and weaknesses.
2. To help you organize and develop your
ideas.
3. To help you save time when writing the
speech.
 Outline Format

• Main Points are indicated by

Roman Numbers ( I, II, V, VI)
• Major Subdivisions by capitol
letters (A, B)
• Minor subheadings by Arabic
numbers (1,2)
• Further subdivision by lower case
letters (a,b,c,d,k,t,)
 Outline Example

TITLE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BODY
A. First Main Point
1. Sub point #1
2. Sub point #2
B. Second Main Point
1. Sub point #1
2. Sub point #2
III. CONCLUSION
 WRITE THE SPEECH

• Write the way you talk!

• Write the Body of the Speech first.
• Begin with the main points.
• Arrange them in logical order or
sequence.
• Then write the Introduction.
• Finally, write the conclusion
 Write the Speech

• “Words, are the garments with whish speakers

clothe their ideas.” J. Regis O’Connor
• Wise speakers choose their words carefully.
• Choose effective language.
• Refrain from using statements that defame other
people or organizations. (Ethical Issues)
 Introduction

• Do something to gain the audiences attention:

– Tell a joke
– Pound the speaker’s stand
– Make a loud noise
– Ask a question
– Tell a story
– Use a quotation
– Use a personal reference
– Create suspense
– Give a compliment
 Introduction

• The introduction must grab the attention

of the audience, but it must also focus on
the goal of the speech.
 CONCLUSION

• All’s Well that Ends Well - Shakespeare

• The conclusion offers the speaker on ed last
opportunity to remind the audience of the speech
content.
• Summarize the main points.
• Use a story.
• Be humorous.
• Appeal and
• Make an emotional impact.
 Practice the Speech

• Practice Time Limits

• Practice Methods
– School Classes and Teachers
– Home and Mirror
– Auditorium
– Civic Organizations
– THE VIDEO CAMERA
 THINGS THAT NEED
PRACTICE
• Your Smile
• Gestures
• Head and Eyes
• Sincerity
 Present the Speech

• A good speech starts with good preparation.

• Things to consider when giving speech:
– Salutation
– Being Deliberate
– Using the Hands (Need to appear natural)
– Using the Body (Do not sway, rock, fidget)
– Humor
– Dress and Physical Appearance
– Where to stand
– Notes
– Special Considerations
 Answer Questions

• If you are asked questions afterwards, keep the

following in mind:
– Be deliberate, take time to think through answer
and then reply.
– Be complete
– Answer with confidence
– If you do not know the answer, says so without
hesitation, do not bluff.
– If you did not hear or did not understand the
questions, ask the person to repeat or rephrase.
 FINALLY, Listen and Evaluate

• Evaluate speeches and presentation

after each time.
• Evaluation allows for an analysis of
where the speech went right and/or
wrong.
 Other Points To Consider

• Keep the voice well • Open the speech with a

modulated, use variety of sentence that will secure
pitch and tone. the attention of the
• Strive for correct audience.
pronunciation and • End the speech in a
enunciate clearly. forceful manner.
• Cultivate a sincere • Take appropriate pauses
interest in people. and don not allow yourself
• Constantly strive to to run out of breath.
increased your • Maintain good posture
vocabulary. while speaking.
 METHODS OF DELIVERY

Impromptu Speech
• is the presentation of a short message without advance
preparation.
• Impromptu speeches often occur when someone is asked
to “say a few words” or give a toast on a special occasion.
You have probably done impromptu speaking many times
in informal, conversational settings.
 METHODS OF DELIVERY

• The advantage of this kind of speaking is that it’s

spontaneous and responsive in an animated group context.
• The disadvantage is that the speaker is given little or no
time to contemplate the central theme of his or her
message. As a result, the message may be disorganized
and difficult for listeners to follow.
 METHODS OF DELIVERY

Extemporaneous Speaking
- speaking is the presentation of a carefully planned and
rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner
using brief notes.
- By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the
extemporaneous speaker can establish and maintain eye
contact with the audience and assess how well they are
understanding the speech as it progresses.
- The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to restate
more clearly any idea or concept that the audience seems
to have trouble grasping.
 METHODS OF DELIVERY

Manuscript Reading
-is the word-for-word iteration of a written
message. In a manuscript speech, the speaker
maintains his or her attention on the printed
page except when using
visual aids.
 METHODS OF DELIVERY

Speaking from Memory

-is the rote recitation of a written message
that the speaker has committed
to memory. Actors, of course, recite from
memory whenever they perform from a
script in a stage play, television program,
or movie scene. When it comes to speeches,
memorization can be useful when the
message needs to be exact and the speaker
doesn’t want to be confined by notes.
 METHODS OF DELIVERY

Speaking from Memory

-it enables the speaker to maintain eye
contact with the audience throughout the
speech. Being free of notes means that you
can move freely around the stage and use
your hands to make gestures.
 ASSESSMENT

1. Has your attitude toward public speaking become more

positive?

2. In a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the highest, what rating do

you give yourself? Why?

3. In what area of public speaking do you feel you need the

most improvement?