Lecture 1: Course Introduction

CE-206
02/25/22 Dr. Fayaz A Khan 1
 ‫س َمآ ِء َمآ ًء فََأ ْخ َر َج بِ ِه ِم َن‬ َ ‫ض َوَأ‬
َّ ‫نز َل ِم َن ٱل‬ َ ‫ت َوٱَأل ْر‬ ِ ‫س ٰ َم ٰ َو‬ َ َ‫ٱهَّلل ُ ٱلَّ ِذي َخل‬
َّ ‫ق ٱل‬
َ ‫ي فِي ٱ ْلبَ ْح ِر بَِأ ْم ِر ِه َو‬
‫س َّخ َر لَ ُك ُم‬ َ ‫س َّخ َر لَ ُك ُم ٱ ْلفُ ْل َك لِتَ ْج ِر‬ ِ ‫ٱلثَّ َم َرا‬
َ ‫ت ِر ْزقا ً لَّ ُك ْم َو‬
‫ٱَأل ْن َها َر‬
Allah then declared His divine Oneness, saying:
(Allah is He Who created the heavens and the
earth, and causeth water) rain (to descend from
the sky, thereby producing) the rain brought forth
(fruits) different kinds of fruit (as food for you)
and for all other created beings, (and maketh the
ships to be of service) subservient (unto you, that
they) i.e. the ships (may run upon the sea at His
command) by His permission and will, (and hath
made of service) subservient (unto you the
rivers) they flow wherever you want;

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Lecture Content
Teaching Method
Assessment
Course content
What is fluid mechanics?
Why is it important to civil engineers?
Resources
Basic units

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Teaching Method
3 hours lecture:
 2 hours theory
 1 hour numerical
Course Counselling
 Counselling Hours:
 Thursday 02:00PM - 04:00PM
 Friday 11:00AM - 01:00PM

 Office Location:
 Coordinator’s Office
 
 Email:
 fayazuet@yahoo.com

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Assessment Method
Midterm: 25%

Final Term: 50%

Sessional Work: 25%

 50% Quizzes,
 25% Assignments,

 25% Attendance.

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Course Content
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Physical Properties of Fluids
Fluid Statics
Fluid Kinematics
Basic Flow Equations
Flow Measurement

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Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is  the study of fluids and the forces on
them.

Fluids include 
Liquids
gases, and
plasmas

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Branches of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics
Kinematics
Fluid Dynamics

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Branches of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics: is the study of the mechanics of fluids at
rest.

Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines

without considering forces are energy.

Fluid Dynamics: is concerned with the relations

between velocities and accelerations and the forces
exerted by or upon fluids in motion.
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 Why is it important to Civil
Engineers?

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 Water Supply

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 Irrigation

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 Road Drainage

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 Flood Defence

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 Harbours

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 Ventilation System

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 Sewerage

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 Hydropower

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Resources
Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications by
Robert L. Daugherty, Joseph B. Franzini, E. John
Finnemore.

Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications by E.

John Finnemore, Joseph B. Franzini.

Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications by

Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala.

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Units of measurement
All formulae can be expressed in terms of their primary
units, the main ones being:

 Mass (M) - Kilogram

 Length (L) – Metre
 Time (T) – Second
 Angle (θ) – Radians

Other units used in Fluid Mechanics are derived from

these.
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 States of Matter
Matter can exist in three states:

Solid Retains shape and resist deformity

Elastic & returns to original shape
Plasma Similar to gas but some particles ionized
making it electrically conductive
Fluid Take the shape of their container
Flow under a deforming force

CE-206 Dr. Fayaz

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Characteristics of Fluids
Fluids can be divided into liquids and gases:

Liquids Only slightly compressible and have Free Surface.

Shape bounded by container and the free surface.

Gases Highly compressible and expand to fill the container.

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 Definition of a Fluid
A substance that will deform continuously under the
influence of a shear force.

Conversely

A fluid at rest can have no shearing force acting upon it

and all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to
the plane upon which they act.

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 Properties of Fluids
Fluids are physio-chemical by nature and have many
properties. We shall consider only the three basic
properties relevant to Civil Engineering:
Density
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Most of the discussion will be about liquids, in particular
water, as it is the most important fluid for civil engineers

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 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian
Fluids
Newtonian fluids: Shear
stress proportional to rate
of strain.

Non Newtonian fluids:

Relationship varies
according to fluid type.

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Density
Density: The ratio of the mass to the volume
occupied (mass per unit volume)

Mass kg M
Density (  )   3 3
Volume m L
Density of water @ 40C = 1000 kg/m3
Density varies with temperature

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Density of Water with
Temperature

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Specific Weight
Specific Weight (w) = (weight per unit volume)

Weight N ML
SpecifivWeight ( w)   3 3 2
Volume m LT

(Weight is a force = mass x acceleration)

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Specific gravity
Specific gravity (σ) = The ratio of density of substance
to
standard density (usually water @ 40 C)
Weight of fluid

Weight of same volume of water

No units of Specific Gravity

Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

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Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to an
applied shear stress.

High viscosity: molasses;

Low viscosity: petrol.

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Viscosity

Plate 2 stationary, plate 1 moving

Fluid between plates assumed to move a series of thin plates
Force required to keep plate 1 moving at constant speed is
‘F’
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 Viscosity Formulae
A kgm
F  2 N
t s
μ = Dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2) – Not a constant, varies
with temperature
For water at 10oC, μ = 1.31x10-3 Nsm-2
A = Area of plate 2 (m2)
t = distance between plates (m)
v = relative plate velocities (m/s)

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 Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity (υ)= ratio of viscous force to inertial
forces (resistance to change of shape)

3 2
 M L L
v  
 LT M T

Hence MKS units of kinematic viscosity are m2/s

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 Thanks

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