FAILURE THEORIES

Types of failure modes based on

Yielding Criterion
 Yield and fracture criteria

• The basic Assumption that Constitutes the framework for

all combined stress failure theories is that “ Failure is
predicted to occur when the maximum value of the
selected mechanical modulus in the multiaxial state of
stress becomes equal to or exceeds the value of the
same modulus that produces failure in a simple stress
test using the same material”

• Mechanical failure may be defined as “any change in the

size, shape, or material properties of a structure,
machine, or machine part that renders it incapable of
satisfactorily performing its intended function”. (Collins,
1981, p.1)
 Classification of Failure
The classification of failure modes based on defining three categories
(Prof. WL. Starkey) :
1. Manifestations of failure
a. Elastic deformation
b. Plastic deformation
c. Fracture
d. Material change : chemical, nuclear
2. Failure-inducing agents
a. Force : steady, cyclic
b. Time : short, long
c. Temperature : room, cyclic
d. Reactive environment
3. Failure locations
a. Body type
b. Surface type
Failure Modes in Practice
For example :
The first category : Plastic deformation
The second category : Steady force and room temperature
The third category : Body type

This failure mode is commonly called yielding.

Failure Modes in Practice :

1. Elastic deformation 6. Wear

2. Yielding 7. Impact
3. Fracture 8. Brinnelling
4. Fatigue 9. Creep
5. Corrosion 10. Buckling
 Failure Modes in Practice
(Boresi, 1993, p. 17-26)

1. Failure by excessive deflection

a. Elastic deflection
b. Deflection due to creep
2. Failure by general yielding
3. Failure by fracture
a. Sudden fracture of brittle materials
b. Fracture of cracked or flawed member
c. Progressive fracture or fatigue
 Types of Failure Theories
1. Maximum normal/principal stress theory (Rankine’s Theory)
2. Maximum Shearing stress theory (Tresca-Guest Theory)
3. Maximum normal/principal strain theory (St. Venant’s
Theory)
4. Total strain energy theory (Beltrami Theory)
5. Distortion energy theory (Huber-von mises-Hencky
Theory)
Reff : 1. Advanced Mechanis of Materials (Boresi-Schmidt-
Omar)
2. Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design (JA
Collins)
 (1). Maximum Normal/Principal Stress Criterion
(Rankine’s Theory)

σ1 ≥ σt σ1 ≤ σc
σ2 ≥ σt σ2 ≤ σc
σ3 ≥ σt σ3 ≤ σc

• σ1, σ2, σ3 are the principal normal stress (Mohr’s Circle)

• σt is the uniaxial failure strength in tension
• σc is the uniaxial failure strength in compression
• The Maximum normal stress theory is generally poor as
theory for predicting the onset of yielding
• On the other hand, for brittle materials the maximum normal
stress theory is propably the best available failure theory,
though it yield conservative results for some states of stress
 (1). Maximum Normal/Principal Stress Criterion
(Rankine’s Theory)

For Brittle Materials :

σ1 ≥ σut σ1 ≤ σuc
σ2 ≥ σut σ2 ≤ σuc
σ3 ≥ σut σ3 ≤ σuc
(2). Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion
(Tresca’s Theory)
Maximum shearing stress criteria:
Structural component is safe as long as the
maximum shearing stress is less than the
maximum shearing stress in a tensile test
specimen at yield, i.e.,

 max   Y  Y
2

For a and b with the same sign,

a  
 max  or b  Y
2 2 2
For a and b with opposite signs,
 a   b Y
 max  
2 2
 (3). Maximum Normal/Principal Strain Theory
(St. Venant’s Theory)

“Failure is predicted to occur in the multiaxial state

of stress when the maximum principal normal strain
becomes equal to or exceeds the maximum normal
strain at the time of failure in a simple uniaxial stress
test using a specimen of the same material”

Remember…!, The generalized Hooke’s law equation :

 (4). Strain Energy Density Criterion
(Beltrami’s Theory)
The strain energy density criterion (proposed by Beltrami, 1983) states that
“yielding at a point begins when the strain energy density at the point equals
the strain energy density at yield in uniaxial tension (or compression)”. Strain
energy density is :
1
U0  [ 12   22   32  2 ( 1 2   1 3   2 3 )]  0 … (1)
2E
The strain energy density at yield in a uniaxial tension test (σ1 = Y, σ2 = σ3 = 0) is :
Y2
U 0Y 
2E
The yield function for the strain energy density criterion is obtained by setting U0
≤ U0Y. So, the yield function has the form

 e2  Y 2  0
Where the effective stress σe is :

2 2 2
 e        2 ( 1 2   1 3   2 3 )  Y
1 2 3
(4). Strain Energy Density Criterion
(Beltrami’s Theory)
 (5). Distortional Energy Density Criterion
(Von Misses Theory)

The distortional energy density criterion (Von Mises Criterion) states that
“yielding begins when the distortional strain energy density at a
point equals the distortional strain energy density at yield in
uniaxial tension (or compression)”. The distortional strain energy
density is that energy associated with a change in the shape of a body.
The total strain energy density U0 (Eq. 1) can be broken into two parts :
UV causes volumetric change and UD causes distortion.

1
U0  [ 12   22   32  2 ( 1 2   1 3   2 3 )]  U V  U D
2E
Where

( 1   2   3 ) 2 ( 1   2 ) 2  ( 2   3 ) 2  ( 3   1 ) 2
UV  and U D 
E E
18{ } 12{ }
3(1  2 ) 2(1   )
 (5). Distortional Energy Density Criterion
(Von Misses Theory)

At yield under a uniaxial stress state (σ1 = σY = ±Y, σ2 = σ3 = 0), UD is :

2 12  12 Y 2
U DY   
12G 6G 6G
Therefore, we may write the yield function for
the distortional energy density (Von Mises)
criterion as UD ≤ UDY,

( 1   2 ) 2  ( 2   3 ) 2  ( 3   1 ) 2
Y2
2
or the effective stress is

1
e  [( 1   2 ) 2  ( 2   3 ) 2  ( 3   1 ) 2 ]  Y
2
 (6). Mohr’r Criterion

If, on the other hand, the only available data

consists of the ultimate strengths σUT and σUC,

Special care should be taken when

macroscopic cracks have
been detected in a structural component. While
it can be assumed
that the test specimen used to determine the
ultimate tensile strength
of the material contained the same type of
flaws (i.e., microscopic
cracks or cavities) as the structural component
under investigation,
the specimen was certainly free of any σa = σavg + R
detectable macroscopic cracks.
σb = σavg - R
To rupture
 Summary of failure theary evaluation

Evaluation of the six failure theoris discussed in this chapter in light of experimental evidence
leads to the following observations :
1. For Isotropic materials that fail by brittle fractures, the maximum normal stress theory is
the best theory to use
2. For materials that fail by brittle fracture but exhibit a compresivve ultimate strength that
is significantly different from the tensile ultimate strength, the modified Mohr’s theory is
the best theory to use
3. For isotropic materials that fail by yielding or ductile rupture, the distortion energy
theory is the best theory to use.
4. For isotropic materials that fail by yielding or ductile rupture, the maximum shearing
stress theory is almost as good as the distortion energy theory.
5. For materials that fail by yielding but ehibit a compressive yield strength that is
significantly different from the tensile yield strength, Mohr’s thery is a good theory to use
6. As a rule of thumb, the maximum normal stress theory would be used for isotropic
materials that exhibit a ductility of less than 5 percent elongations in 2 inches, and either
the distortion energy theory or maximum shearing stress theory would be used for
isotropic materials that exhibit a ductility of 5 percent or more in a 2-inch gage length.
Where possible, a fracture mechanics analysis should be performed
Comparison of Failure Criteria
Comparison of Failure Criteria
 Factor of Safety (FS)
The factor of safety (FS) states that machine part is safe
when effective stress σe, which represented by one of failure
mode, equal or less than yield strength Y found from
uniaxial stress tension (or compression).

a Y
FS   1 or FS  1
Y a
Contoh-Contoh
Exercise