INTRODUCTION TO RESOURCES GEOLOGY

Koko Suhanto
J Resources Nusantara

12 Mei 2020
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RESOURCES
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 Block Modelling - Purposes
• What is the purpose of the model:
The Basis of Business Decision Making
1. Cease exploration (stop drilling!)
2. Proceed to feasibility, then mining
3. Still uncertain : drill more
• What does the “client” need to know and in
what format:
– Mine Planning:
• What: … grades, recoverable grades, density …
anything else?
• Format: … block model at the relevant scale
– Process:
• What: … all of the above plus perhaps,
oxidation state, mineralogy … find out!
• Format: … mine plan schedule, via the block
model
– Environment:
• What: … perhaps NAF, PAF, NCV, Arsenic,
Mercury, Sulphur … find out!
• Format: … mine plan schedule, via the block
model

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 RESOURCE ESTIMATION PROCESS

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 PREPARATION – SAMPLING BASIC
SAMPLING COLLECTION ERROR
a) Poorly DELINEATED SAMPLE (The Target
geometric volume is incorrectly or poorly
defined)
b) Poorly EXTRACTED SAMPLE (Target volume
is not collected, ex: poor core recovery)
c) Incorrect PREPARATION (Sample is
changed before assaying, ex:
contamination/down hole smearing, loss in
the high grade mineralized fines whilst
cutting core
FUNDAMENTAL SAMPLING ERROR
Bias in between sample and lot due to
constituent heterogeneity
d) The variation due to volume (Shape factor
– granulometri factor – particle size)
e) The variation due to fragmentation
(mineralogical factor – liberation factor)
f) The mass variation

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 PREPARATION - QAQC
 A positive QAQC is the database’s
stamp for approval - GIGO
 QAQC is most effected if used DURING
a drilling campaign to MONITOR data
collection and call a halt to a campaign
or laboratory that is underperformed

Statistical Process Control:

1. Run Charts (ex: turn around time) Verly 2010
2. Control Charts (ex: expected standard
grade and variability)
3. Evaluating Reproducibility ( ex : Scatter
Plot and relative different plot of
sample duplicate) Combess, 2008
Combess, 2008
Combess,
Combess,2008
2008

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 INVESTIGATION - DOMAINING

STATIONARITY

QG, 2008

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 INVESTIGATION - Domaining

GEOLOGY……..GEOLOGY STATIONARITY
………..GEOLOGY………….
• Domaining to isolate separate mineralising
events
• Use the modelled geology as is or as a
combination
• Mixing data populations results in high
variance and less local predictability
• Use classical statistics to assess
differences in data by geology type MNO CUO LIM
• EDA is done before variography is carried
out and may need to be re-visted if
variography proves difficult

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 Statistical Analysis

Frequency (% of 713 points)

INVESTIGATION -

What should we do after wireframing?

• Before we look at the data in depth we
need to see that all samples are of Log Histogram for AU1 [>= 0.5 ] Log Probability Plot for AU1 [>= 0.5 ]
similar length to ensure equal sample 99.99
25 G 50 ML 75
12 AU Points: 713 (772)
G ML
100
90 Mean: 8.725
99.9
support throughout the deposit.
80
70
Std Dev: 8.926
Variance: 79.68
99.8
60 CV: 1.023
10 50
40 Skewness: 4.825 99
• one of the most important numbers to 30
20
10
0
Kurtosis: 53.28
Geom Mean: 5.607
Log-Est Mean: 9.404
98
95
90
consider is the coefficient of variance 8 Maximum:
75%:
50% (median):
133.000
11.600
6.810
80
70
(CV); the CV defined as the ratio of the
25%: 2.840
Minimum: 0.520 60
6 50 Points: 713 (772)
40 Mean: 8.725

standard deviation to the mean. 30

20
Std Dev:
Variance:
CV:
8.926
79.68
1.023
Skewness: 4.825

• A high CV suggests there remain 4 10

5
Kurtosis:
Geom Mean:
Log-Est Mean:
53.28
5.607
9.404
2
multiple populations within a domain 2
1
0.5
Maximum:
75%:
50% (median):
133.000
11.600
6.810

and that further sub-domaining should 0.2 25%: 2.840

0.1 Minimum: 0.520
0.05
0.02
to be considered. Sometimes, where 0
1 5 10 50 100
0.01
1 5 10 50 100

high grade outliers are present, the AU1 AU1

application of a hard top cut will bring

the CV down.

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 MODEL CREATION – Estimation Technique
 A simple polygonal or nearest
neighbour approaches will give a
rapid, unsmoothed resource estimate

 Inverse distance weighted is a

smoothed non-geostatistical approach.

 The geostatistical approaches to

estimation all use some form of Kriging
:
 Ordinary Kriging
Stephenson, 2005
 Indicator Kriging
 Multiple Indicator Kriging
 Conditional Simulation

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 MODEL CREATION –
ORDINARY KRIGING
- Mineralization style : Gradational - i.e. there are no
sudden grade changes within the Domain
- The continuity of grade is likely to be the same for
all grade ranges i.e. the continuity of high-grades is
similar to the continuity of low-grades.
Porphyry
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Estimation Technique
MULTIPLE INDICATOR ORDINARY KRIGING
- Mosaic - i.e. there can be sudden changes in grade
within the Domain
- Geological support that the grade continuity is
significantly different at different cut-offs (thresholds).
Evidence may include significantly different variograms
at different thresholds, clustering of high and low
grades and sharp grade contrasts between these
clusters.
High Sulphidation
 MODEL CREATION - VARIOGRAPHY
• Prior to variography:
– Modifications to the data population (bias corrections, top-cuts) if warranted
– Domaining
• Depends on estimation anticipated:
1. Linear estimate – Ordinary Kriging (OK) … not ideal for highly skewed distributions
2. Non-linear estimates – MIK, UC … many assumptions, more time
• Keep it as simple as possible.
• Variography automated vs manual:

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 5, 10, 5 5, 5
Kriging Efficiency (%)
MODEL CREATION – Estimation Parameter
 The estimation paramters are likely covered : Kriging Neighbourhood Analysis
Search (Samples 12 - 40)
KE
Slope

 Block Size 105 1.05

 Search Parameters 100

95
1.00

0.95

 Number of Samples 90 0.90

 Discretisation 85 0.85

80 0.80

 Those estimation parameters are tested with 75 0.75

kriging neighborhood analysis 70 0.70

KE = (BV-KV)/BV
65 0.65

Kriging Efficiency (%)

60 0.60

R = BV-KV+ |µ|
BV – KV + |2µ|
Where: Kriging Neighbourhood Analysis KE

Samples (Block Size 10m x 10m x 10m) Slope

BV = theoretical variance of blocks within 100 1.0

domain; 80 0.8

KV = variance between kriged grade and true 60 0.6

40 0.4
(unknown) grade, i.e. kriging variance; 20 0.2

µ = LaGrange multiplier 0 0.0

A perfect estimation would give values of KV = 0, -20 -0.2

-40 -0.4
KE = 100% and R=1. -60 -0.6

-80 -0.8

-100 -1.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

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 MODEL CREATION – Block Model Validation
 What do we look for?
– Does the model honor the samples data
– Do all block has been estimated
 Why is it important?
– Verify that estimation parameters were
approriate
– Verify that the correct data was used
 Validation of the resource estimate can be
undertaken using various tools including:
– Visual Inspection
– Graphical plots of sections/plans showing input
data and block grade estimates.
– Histograms of input and output grade
distributions within domains.
– Input and output mean grades within domains.
– Generation of comparative resource estimates
using alternative algorithms or approaches.
 More prudent block model validation is by
reconciliation with production data at
appropriate time period.

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 MODEL CREATION – Resources/Reserves Classification

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 MODEL CREATION – Resources/Reserves Classification

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 Reporting Code

• KCMI - Indonesia
• JORC Code - Australasia
• CIM - Canada Materiality
Transparancy
• SAMREC – South Africa Jelas dan Tidak ambigu Semua informasi yang
relevan dicantumkan
• SME Guidelines – USA
• Chilean and Peruvian Codes

Competen
Dikerjakan oleh orang
yang kompeten

KCMI, 2017

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 Thank you. Questions?

GB @ TOMOHON 2018

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