Computer Networking

SUBMITTED BY:-
ROHAN BIKRAM CHAUDHARY
XII “C ”
 INTRODUCTION
• A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in
order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files,
or allow electronic communications
• The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites etc.
• A popular example of a computer network is the Internet, which
allows millions of users to share information.
COMPUTER NETWORK
 ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
• File Sharing: Networks offer a quick and easy way to share files directly.
• Resource Sharing: All computers in the network can share resources such
as printers, fax machines, modems and scanners.
• Communication: Those on the network can communicate with each other
via e-mail, instant messages etc.
• Flexible Access: Networks allow their users to access files from computers
throughout the network.
• Sharing of Information: Computer networks enable us to share data and
information with the computers that are located geographically large
distance apart.
 DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
• 1. It lacks independence.
Computer networking involves a process that is operated using computers, so people will be relying more of computer work,
instead of exerting an effort for their tasks at hand. Aside from this, they will be dependent on the main file server, which means
that, if it breaks down, the system would become useless, making users idle.
• 2. It poses security difficulties.
Because there would be a huge number of people who would be using a computer network to get and share some of their files
and resources, a certain user’s security would be always at risk. There might even be illegal activities that would occur, which
you need to be careful about and aware of.
• 3. It lacks robustness.
As previously stated, if a computer network’s main server breaks down, the entire system would become useless. Also, if it has a
bridging device or a central linking server that fails, the entire network would also come to a standstill. To deal with these
problems, huge networks should have a powerful computer to serve as file server to make setting up and maintaining the
network easier.
• 4. It allows for more presence of computer viruses and malware.
There would be instances that stored files are corrupt due to computer viruses. Thus, network administrators should conduct
regular check-ups on the system, and the stored files at the same time.
 INTERNET
Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce
by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to
as a “network of networks,” the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not
become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion
people, or more than half of the world’s population, were estimated to have access to the Internet.
The first computer networks were dedicated special-purpose systems such as SABRE (an airline
reservation system) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-control system), both designed and 
implemented in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the early 1960s computer manufacturers had
begun to use semiconductor technology in commercial products, and both conventional batch-
processing and time-sharing systems were in place in many large, technologically advanced
companies. Time-sharing systems allowed a computer’s resources to be shared in rapid succession
with multiple users, cycling through the queue of users so quickly that the computer appeared
dedicated to each user’s tasks despite the existence of many others accessing the system
“simultaneously.” This led to the notion of sharing computer resources (called host computers or
simply hosts) over an entire network.
 ARPANET
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area 
packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first networks to implement the 
TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The
ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the 
United States Department of Defense.
In February 1966, Bob Taylor successfully lobbied ARPA's Director Charles M. Herzfeld to fund a
network project. Herzfeld redirected funds in the amount of one million dollars from a ballistic missile
defense program to Taylor's budget. Taylor hired Larry Roberts as a program manager in the ARPA 
Information Processing Techniques Office in January 1967 to work on the ARPANET.
The first four nodes were designated as a testbed for developing and debugging the 1822 protocol,
which was a major undertaking. While they were connected electronically in 1969, network
applications were not possible until the Network Control Program was implemented in 1970 enabling
the first two host-host protocols, remote login (Telnet) and file transfer (FTP) which were specified
and implemented between 1969 and 1973. The network was declared operational in 1971. Network
traffic began to grow once email was established at the majority of sites by around 1973.
By March 1970, the ARPANET reached the East Coast of the United States, when an IMP at BBN
 in Cambridge, Massachusetts was connected to the network. Thereafter, the ARPANET grew: 9
IMPs by June 1970 and 13 IMPs by December 1970, then 18 by September 1971 (when the
network included 23 university and government hosts); 29 IMPs by August 1972, and 40 by
September 1973. By June 1974, there were 46 IMPs, and in July 1975, the network numbered 57
IMPs. By 1981, the number was 213 host computers, with another host connecting approximately
every twenty days.
 INTERSPACE
Interspace is a provider of first-class telecommunication, hosting and cloud services,
delivered exclusively over highest quality systems. Our prime focus is to follow and
control strict procedures to ensure reliable, secure and consistent services for enterprises
and service providers across the globe. Leading businesses placed their long-term trust
and confidence in our robust and up-to-date technologies that are ready to serve
business-critical systems.
The experience in the telecommunication market dates back to the pre Internet era,
when in the year 1994 a dial-up based communication platform was launched, which
enabled users to access and exchange applications, news and messages. Today, Interspace
operates a global cloud infrastructure with distributed IT systems in Europe, North
America, Asia and Australia. The telecommunication services are powered by extensive
fiber optic telecom network in Europe, owned and operated by Interspace, that features
fully redundant architecture backed by next-generation terabit routing gear.
 TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Tree Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Hybrid Topology
 BUS TOPOLOGY
Bus topology uses a single cable which connects all the included nodes. The main cable acts as a spine for the entire network. One of the
computers in the network acts as the computer server. When it has two endpoints, it is known as a linear bus topology.

Advantages:

• Here are pros/benefits of using a bus topology:

• Cost of the cable is very less as compared to other topology, so it is widely used to build small networks.

• Famous for LAN network because they are inexpensive and easy to install.

• It is widely used when a network installation is small, simple, or temporary.

• It is one of the passive topologies. So computers on the bus only listen for data being sent, that are not responsible for moving the data
from one computer to others.

Disadvantages:

• Here are the cons/drawbacks of bus topology:

• In case if the common cable fails, then the entire system will crash down.

• When network traffic is heavy, it develops collisions in the network.

• Whenever network traffic is heavy, or nodes are too many, the performance time of the network significantly decreases.

• Cables are always of a limited length.

 STAR TOPOLOGY
In the star topology, all the computers connect with the help of a hub. This cable is called a central node, and all other nodes are connected
using this central node. It is most popular on LAN networks as they are inexpensive and easy to install.

Advantages:

• Here are pros/benefits of start topology:

• Easy to troubleshoot, set up, and modify.

• Only those nodes are affected, that has failed. Other nodes still work.

• Fast performance with few nodes and very low network traffic.

• In Star topology, addition, deletion, and moving of the devices are easy.

Disadvantages:

• Here are cons/drawbacks of using Star:

• If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are disabled.

• Cost of installation of star topology is costly.

• Heavy network traffic can sometimes slow the bus considerably.

• Performance depends on the hub’s capacity

• A damaged cable or lack of proper termination may bring the network down.
 TREE TOPOLOGY
Tree topologies have a root node, and all other nodes are connected which form a hierarchy. So it is also known as
hierarchical topology. This topology integrates various star topologies together in a single bus, so it is known as a Star
Bus topology. Tree topology is a very common network which is similar to a bus and star topology.
Advantages:
• Here are pros/benefits of tree topology:
• Failure of one node never affects the rest of the network.
• Node expansion is fast and easy.
• Detection of error is an easy process
• It is easy to manage and maintain
Disadvantages:
• Here are cons/drawback of tree topology:
• It is heavily cabled topology
• If more nodes are added, then its maintenance is difficult
• If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are also disabled.
 MESH TOPOLOGY
• The mesh topology has a unique network design in which each computer
on the network connects to every other. It is develops a P2P (point-to-point)
connection between all the devices of the network. It offers a high level of
redundancy, so even if one network cable fails, still data has an alternative
path to reach its destination.
• Types of Mesh Topology:
• Partial Mesh Topology: In this type of topology, most of the devices are
connected almost similarly as full topology. The only difference is that few
devices are connected with just two or three devices.
• Full Mesh Topology: In this topology, every nodes or device are directly
connected with each other.
Advantages:
•Here, are pros/benefits of Mesh topology
•The network can be expanded without disrupting current users.
•Need extra capable compared with other LAN topologies.
•No traffic problem as nodes has dedicated links.
•Dedicated links help you to eliminate the traffic problem.
•A mesh topology is robust.
Disadvantages:
•Installation is complex because every node is connected to every node.
•It is expensive due to the use of more cables. No proper utilization of systems.
•Complicated implementation.
•It requires more space for dedicated links.
•Because of the amount of cabling and the number of input-outputs, it is expensive to implement.
•It requires a large space to run the cables.