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DYSPNEA
DYSPNEA
INTRODUCTION
• Dyspnea is a highly subjective symptom that
often is not associated with visible signs of
distress,such as Tachypnea,Diaphoresis,or
cyanosis.
• Patients with primary lung tumors,lung
metastases,pleural effusion or restrictive lung
disease may experience significant dyspnea.
The causes of the dyspnea can be
identified and treated in some cases ,the
burdens of additional diagnostic
evaluation and treatment aimed at the
physiologic problem may outweigh the
benefits
The treatment of dyspnea varies
depending on the patients general
physical condition.
DEFINITIONS
“Dyspnea is the term used when the subject is
conscious of the increased respiratory
effort .In other words difficulty in breathing.”
[R.Chandra Mouli]
“Dyspnea is a symptom common to many
pulmonary and cardiac disorders,particularly
when there is decreased lung complicance or
increased airway resistance.”
[Suresh K.Sharma,S.Madhavi]
ETIOLOGY
Dyspnea may associated with neurologic or
neuromuscular disorders(eg;Myasthenia
gravis,Guillain-Barre syndrome,Muscular
dystrophy,post-polio syndrome) that affect
respiratory function .
Dyspnea occurs after physical exercise in
people without disese.
Dyspnea is a common at the end of the life in
patients with a variety of disorders.
MANAGEMENT OF DYSPNEA
PHARMACOLOGIAL
NON-
INTERVENTIONS
PHARMACOLOGICL
INTERVENTIONS
PHARMACOLOGICAL
INTERVENTIONS
•OXYGEN THERAPY
•MEDICATION
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL
INTERVENTIONS
1. Deep breathing and coughing
exercises,diaphramatic breathing and
pursed lip breathing.
2. Chest physiotherapy
3. Postural drainage
4. Chest percussion and chest vibration
5. Psychotherapy
6. Exercise training and Relaxation training
7. Acupuncture
OXYGEN THERAPY
Supplemental oxygen can reverse
hypoxemia.If lack of oxygen is the cause
of dyspnea ,oxygen may be the only
required therapy.
Patients who can’t breath enough oxygen
from the air may be given supplemental
oxygen to inhale from
tanks/cylinders.Devices that concentrate
oxygen already in the air maybe also
prescribed.
MEDICATIONS
Dry cough
Hacking cough
Brassy cough
Wheezing cough
Loose or severe cough
RESULTS OF COUGH
A dry,irritated cough is characterized of an
upper respiratory tract infection of viral
origin or it may be a side effect of ACE
inhibitory therapy.
An irritated,high pitched cough can be
caused by laryngotracheitis.
A brassy cough is result of a tracheal lesion.
Severe or changing cough may indicate
Bronchogenic carcinoma.
Coughing at night indicate the onset of
left side heart failure/bronchial asthma.
A cough in the morning with sputum
production indicate bronchitis.
Coughing after food intake indicate
aspiration of material into the
tracheobronchial tree.
Violent coughing causes bronchial
spasm,obstruction,and further irritation
of the bronchi and result in syncope.
A severe,repeated or uncontrolled cough
that is non-productive is exchausting and
potentially harmful.
COMPLICATIONS