BASIC ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
Scheme/Year :C-16/1st YEAR
Subject code : EE-106 BY
R. SIVAPRASAD,
LECTURER IN EEE,
GOVT. POLYTECHNIC, SATYAVEDU
 CHAPTER-6
ELECTROSTATICS AND CAPACITANCE

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 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Electric charge
 Coulomb’s law of electrostatics
 Permittivity
 Problems
 Electrostatic field
 Definitions
 Comparison between electrostatic and magnetic lines of force
 Gauss theorem
 Electric potential and potential difference
 Dielectric strength
 Capacitor and capacitance
 Combination of capacitors
 Energy stored in a capacitor
 Problems

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INTRODUCTION

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EXPERIMENTS ON ELECTROSTATICS

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EXPERIMENTS ON ELECTROSTATICS

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PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSTATIC LINES OF FORCE

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COULOMB’S LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS
 COULOMB’S LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS
SECOND LAW:-
The force between two charged bodies F is
 F Q1Q 2
1
 F
d2
 Depends on the nature of the medium between them
Q1Q 2
 F
d2
Q 1Q 2
F  K
d2
Here K is proportion ality constant and depends upon the nature of the medium between charged bodies
Here  0  Absolute permittivity of vacuum or air or free space;
1 9  10 9  0  8.854 1012 Farads / metre
K 
4 0 r r  r  Relative permittivity of the medium,  r  1 for air
Q 1Q 2
 F  9  10 9 for any medium
1 Q1Q 2 Q 1Q 2 rd 2
F   Q 1Q 2
4 0 r d 2 4 0 r d 2  F  9  10 9 for air  r  1
d2
 UNIT CHARGE
 As per Coulomb’s second law of electrostatics,
the force exerted between two charges place in
air is
Q1Q 2
9
F  9  10
d2
If Q1  Q 2  Q; d  1metre; F  9  10 9 N ; Then
2
Q
9  10 9  9  10 9  2
1
Q2 1
Q   1  1 coulomb
Hence, one coulomb of charge may be defined as that charge which
when placed in air at a distance of one metre from equal and similar
charges repels it with a force of 9  10 9 N
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 PERMITTIVITY

 Definition :-The property of a medium that

affects the magnitude of force between two
charges
 The greater the permittivity of a medium, the

lesser the force between charged bodies

 Each medium has two permittivities

◦ Absolute permittivity
◦ Relative permittivity

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 ABSOLUTE PERMITTIVITY(ℇ) : It is actual
permittivity of the medium.
◦ Denoted by ‘ℇ’ (Epsilon)
◦ Measured in Farads/metre
◦ Absolute permittivity of air or vacuum is denoted by
‘ℇ0=8.854x10-12 F/m’
 RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY(ℇr ): It is defined as the
ratio of the permittivity of any medium to the
absolute permittivity of air or vacuum.
◦ Denoted by (ℇr )
ℇr = ℇ/ ℇ0  ℇ =ℇ0ℇr
◦ It has got different values for different mediums
◦ ℇr=1 for air, 2 to 3 for paper, 3 to 7 for mica, 5 to 10 for
glass etc

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PROBLEMS

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 ELECTROSTATIC FIELD

 When a charged body is placed near another

charge, experience a force of attraction or
repulsion depending upon the kind of charges
 The region or space in which a charged body
experiences a force of attraction or repulsion is
called an electric field
 The space around a charged body is always under
stress and experience a force on another charge
when placed near to it
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 ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE

 The electric field around a charged body is

represented by imaginary lines called electric
lines of force
 The direction of force at any point is given by

the tangent to the line of force at that point

 The lines force always emanates from a positive

charge and end on the negative charge

ELECTRIC FIELDS OF DIFFERENT CHARGES

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ELECTRIC FIELDS OF DIFFERENT CHARGES

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ELECTRIC FIELDS OF DIFFERENT CHARGES

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 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
 ELECTRIC FLUX(Ψ):-
◦ The total number of lines of force emanating from a
positive charge is called “electric flux”.
◦ Denoted by Greek letter Ψ (psi)
◦ Measured in coulombs
◦ Electric flux(Ψ)=Q coulombs

 ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY(D):-

◦ The total number of lines of force in an electric field
per unit area is known as “Electric flux density”
◦ Denoted by ‘D’
◦ Measured in ‘Coulombs/m2
Electric flux( )
Electric flux density, D  Coulombs / m 2
Area (A)
Q
D  C / m 2 [  Q ]
A 22
ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY OR ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH

1. The force experienced by a unit

positive charge placed at that
point
 It is denoted by ‘E’
 Measured in ‘Newton/coulomb(N/C)’

Electric field intensity at a point, E

Electric field intensity, EForce on +1C

Electric field intensity, E

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ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY OR ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH

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RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY(D) AND
ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY(E)
 Consider point charge of Q coulombs, the
number of lines of force produced by it is
Q/ε.
 If these lines fall perpendicularly on an area

A, then
 Electric field intensity, E= =
 E=]
 D=
 D=E [=]

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PROBLEMS ON ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY

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COMPARISIONS BETWEEN ELECTROSTATIC AND MAGNETIC
LINES OF FORCE

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COMPARISIONS BETWEEN ELECTROSTATIC AND MAGNETIC
LINES OF FORCE

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 GAUSS THEOREM
 STATEMENT:-It states that “ the total electric
flux(Ψ) emanating from a closed surface is equal
to the total charge enclosed by the surface”
Total electric flux, Ψ=
 Explanation:-If there are number of charges of
+Q1,+Q2,-Q3,-Q4,+Q5,-Q6 coulombs etc. as
shown in figure, then according to gauss theorem
the total flux crossing the surface
Ψ=Q1+Q2-Q3-Q4+Q5-Q6
In general Ψ=Q1+Q2+Q3…..+Qn
Ψ=
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

 DEFINITION:- The work done in

bringing a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point
◦ Denoted by ‘V’
◦ Measured in ‘Volts’
◦ Electrical potential, V=Work done/charge=W/Q Volts

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POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO POINT CHARGE
 Force acting on the unit positive
charge
F=E=
 If unit positive charge at ‘A’ is moved
Through a small distance ‘dx’ towards
The charge of Q coulombs, then

Work done, dW=Force x distance

dw=x(-dx)=dx

 Total work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to any
point d metres from the charge of Q

Total work done, W= =

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 POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO POINT CHARGE
Total work done, W=

W=

W=
Potential V at any point is equal to
the work done in bringing a unit
W= positive charge from infinity to that
point
=9x volts
W=
=9x volts …….in any medium
W=
=9x volts …….in air =1
W =9x
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 POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO NUMBER OF CHARGES
We know that the potential at a point at a distance of d metres from the
charge of Q coulombs is
=9x volts

 The electric potential at a point due to a number of charges is equal to the

algebraic sum of potentials due to each charge
 The potential at a point due to number of charges Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4..etc
placed at distances d1,d2,d3,d4…etc

=9x+9x+9x+9x
=

In general potential at point due to number of charges

=
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 POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED SPHERE
 Classification of potential of a charged sphere
1. At a point that lies outside the sphere
V=
]

V2.
= volts
At a[ point onradius
Here r is the of
surface of the sphere
the sphere]

3. At a point inside the sphere

 The potential at any point inside the sphere is same as on
the surface of the sphere

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PROBLEMS

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 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
 DEFINITION:-
◦ The property of a material(medium) which enables it to
withstand electric stress without damage or break down
(Or)
◦ The maximum voltage that the material can withstand
without breakdown is called dielectric strength
◦ It is measured in KV/mm or KV/cm or KV/m
 Dielectric constant:-
◦ The ability of a dielectric material to concentrate electric
lines of force in medium is called dielectric constant or
relative permittivity of that material
◦ Denoted by

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 CAPACITOR

 DEFINTION:- The device which stores the

electrical energy in the form of electrostatic
charge is called capacitor

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HOW DOES CAPACITOR CHARGE

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 CAPACITANCE
 DEFINTION:- The ability to store charge is
known as its capacitance
◦ Capacitance is the property of the a capacitor to
store electricity
◦ The charge Q on each plate of a capacitor is directly
proportional to the potential difference V between
the two plates
◦ QαV
◦ Q=CV
◦ C=
◦ C=
◦ Here C is constant is called Capacitance
◦ The unit is Farads(F)

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 CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR
The flux density, D=

The electric field intensity, E=

We know that, D=

D=

=, E=]

C=]

The capacitance of a capacitor C= Farads

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 PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR WITH COMPOSITE MEDIUM
Potential difference accross the plates
V  V1  V2  V3
 V 
V  E1d1  E2 d 2  E3d 3 E  V  Ed
 d 

D D D  D 
V d1  d2  d3 D   0 r E  E  
 0 r 
0r1 0r2 0r3 

D  d1 d 2 d 3 
V    
 0   r1  r 2  r 3 
0A
C   Q
Q  d1 d 2 d 3   Q  d1 d d  C 
V     D    2  3   V 
 0 A   r1  r 2  r 3   A   r1  r2  r3 

 d1 d2 d3  0A
  C 
  r2  r 3   d1 d d 
V   2  3 
 r1
  r2  r3 
Q 0A  r1

Q 0A 0A
 C  farads
V  d1 d2 d3  d
 
 r2

 r 3 

 r1 r 42
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPACITANCE OF CAPACITOR
 0 r A
C  farads
d

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PROBLEMS

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TYPES OF CAPACITORS

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 FIXED CAPACITORS

Mica capacitors Paper capacitors Glass capacitors Ceramic

capacitors

Air capacitors Electrolytic Polyester Tantalum

capacitors capacitors capacitors

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 VARIABLE CAPACITORS
 The capacitors
whose capacitance
value can be varied
as per the
requirement are
known as variable
capacitors
 These capacitors
consists of two sets
of plates
 One set is fixed and
other is movable
 The capacitance of
the capacitor can be
varied by rotating
the movable plate
shaft
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 USES OF CAPACITORS
In power circuits and house hold appliances

In high frequency circuits

To reduce ripples in filter circuits

In radio receiver transmitters

In motors to increase the torque of motor

In fluorescent tube starters to eliminate radio interference

To improve the power factor of an inductive circuit

For blocking coupling and bypassing the audio frequency

In oscillator circuits and precision timing circuits

To avoid sparking due to opening of contacts in petrol cars

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