Show your right understanding, discussing and

exemplifying upon roles of food lipids and

lipids digestion in the human body as well
human health and diseases
Group 1
Group 1
Quách Vĩ Khang - BTFTIU19008
Châu Minh Thuận - BTFTIU19019
Ngô Song Thảo - BTFTIU19016
Phạm Thuý Lan - BTFTIU19010
Nguyễn Lê Vy - BTFTIU19031
Phan Võ Uyên Vy - BTFTIU19030
Đan Phạm Lâm Quỳnh - BTFTIU19015

2
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Roles of food lipids and lipids digestion in human
health and diseases
3. Summary
4. References
INTRODUCTION
Definition of lipids
Lipid, any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones,
and certain components of membranes that are grouped together because they
do not interact appreciably with water.
Classification of Lipids
Sources of lipids

Monounsaturated fat.

Polyunsaturated fat.

Saturated fat.

Trans fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acids (linolenic acid).

DHA and EPA.

Omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid).

 Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy substance. It is a type of blood fat, and blood fats are
known as lipids. Cholesterol and other lipids are carried in the blood attached to
proteins, forming tiny spheres, or "parcels" known as lipoproteins. So, lipoproteins
are lipids plus proteins. Your body needs it to build cells and make vitamins and
other hormones. But too much cholesterol can pose a problem.

Cholesterol comes from:

+ Liver synthesized
+ Brain synthesized
+ The remainder of the cholesterol in your body comes from foods from
animals. For example, meat, poultry and dairy products all contain dietary
cholesterol.
 Why do we need cholesterol?
Cholesterol plays a vital role in how your body works. There is cholesterol in every cell in
your body, and it's especially important in your brain, nerves and skin.

Cholesterol has three main jobs:

+ It’s part of the outer layer, or membrane, of all your body’s cells
+ It’s used to make vitamin D and steroid hormones which keep your bones, teeth and
muscles healthy
+ It’s used to make bile, which helps to digest the fats you eat
Roles of food lipids and lipids digestion in human health and
diseases
Some clarification

VLDL, LDL, HDL are not cholesterol, they are only cholesterol carriers

Cholesterol in the brain is independent from dietary cholesterol

Dietary intake of cholesterol only responsible for 10-20% of daily body’s needs

The less cholesterol we eat in the diet, the more cholesterol is made in the body.
 Vitamin deficiencies

- The vitamin A, D, E, K are fat-soluble, play a major role as nutritional agents

essential to health
- Cutting fat intake can lead to variety of health issues
- For examples:
In children, vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness
Vitamin A deficiency results in hyperkeratinization
Lack of vitamin D can lead to bone deformities, diabetes, mood changes
Vitamin E deficiency can lead to: muscle weakness, coordination and walking
difficulties
Vitamin K deficiency can contribute to significant bleeding, poor bone development,
osteoporosis, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease
 Cholesterol intake
Given the capacity of any tissue to synthesize its own cholesterol and the
absence of clear correlation between dietary cholesterol and any
pathology, any official recommendation for daily cholesterol intake does not
exist. Even if a positive link between the cholesterol food supply and the risk of
cardiovascular disease is suspected, a major reduction in its intake does not
seem desirable because it would be inevitably accompanied by important
changes in dietary habits. These changes could then deteriorate the protein
and vitamin intakes, thereby introducing health disorders more serious than
those being avoided. Unless a person is diabetic or belongs to a group of
people with familial hypercholesterolemia (this condition affects about 1 in 500
people in most countries), it does not seem necessary to limit the dietary
cholesterol intake.
Roles of cholesterol
+ Stabilize cell’s membrane
+ Involved in production of vitamin D and steroid hormones which keep your
bones, teeth and muscles healthy
+ Involved in production of bile, which helps to digest the fats you eat
+ In brain, cholesterol plays a crucial role in membrane protection, organization,
dynamics, function, and sorting. Cholesterol takes part in preventing dementia
High cholesterol levels

High cholesterol is showed not related to heart disease and plaque formation

No positive correlation between cholesterol level and risk of neurodegenerative

diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease)
Low cholesterol levels

High LDL levels may be lowered by medications, such as statins, as well as

regular exercise and a healthy diet. When your cholesterol drops due to these
reasons, there usually isn’t a problem. In fact, lower cholesterol is better than high
cholesterol most of the time. It’s when your cholesterol falls for no obvious reason
that you should take notice and discuss it with your healthcare provider.

While the exact effects of low cholesterol on health are still being studied,
researchers are concerned about how low cholesterol appears to negatively affect
mental health.
An 1999 Duke University study of healthy young women found that those with low
cholesterol were more likely to have symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Researchers suggest that because cholesterol is involved in making hormones and
vitamin D, low levels may affect the health of your brain. Vitamin D is important for cell
growth. If brain cells aren’t healthy, you may experience anxiety or depression. The
connection between low cholesterol and mental health still isn’t completely understood and
is being researched.

A 2012 study presented at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions found a
possible relationship between low cholesterol and cancer risk. The process that affects
cholesterol levels could affect cancer, but more research is needed on the topic.

One other concern about low cholesterol involves women who may become pregnant. If
you’re pregnant and you have low cholesterol, you face a higher risk of delivering your
baby prematurely or having a baby who has a low birth weight. If you tend to have low
cholesterol, talk with your doctor about what you should do in this case.
For people with high LDL cholesterol, there are often no symptoms until a
heart attack or stroke occurs. If there’s a serious blockage in a coronary
artery, you may experience chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart
muscle.
With low cholesterol, there’s no chest pain signaling a buildup of fatty
substances in an artery.
Depression and anxiety can spring from many causes, including possibly low
cholesterol. Symptoms of depression and anxiety include:
● Hopelessness
● Nervousness
● Confusion
● Agitation
● Difficulty making a decision
● Changes in your mood, sleep, or eating patterns
Low HDL levels

From the standpoint of heart health, the total cholesterol level can never be
too low. A problem, however, arises when the HDL drops below 40 mg/dL.
Quite simply, the less HDL there is in your blood, the less LDL you can clear
from the body. This, in turn, increase your risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of
the arteries), heart attack, and stroke.
HDL functions as an antioxidant, preventing arterial damage caused by other
lipids. If the HDL is low (a condition referred to as hypoalphalipoproteinemia),
the loss of the antioxidative effect may not only promote but accelerate plaque
formation.
There are many reasons why your HDL may be low. Chief among these is a high-carbohydrate
diet. A diet of this sort not only affects your blood sugar, increasing the risk of insulin resistance,
but it can also lower your HDL while raising both your LDL and triglycerides by 30% to 40%.
Other factors associated with low HDL levels include:
● Obesity and metabolic syndrome
● Type 2 diabetes
● Smoking
● Elevated triglycerides
● High-dose thiazide diuretics
● High-dose beta blockers
● Severe liver disease
● End-stage kidney disease
● Tangier disease, a rare genetic disease associated with a severe, chronic reduction of HDL
● Sedentary lifestyle
While a low-fat diet is not seen to contribute significantly to chronically low HDL levels,
malnutrition can.
Low LDL levels
While it would be fair to assume that a low LDL is a good thing, there are rare
circumstances in which chronically low levels may increase your risk of certain
diseases.
LDL is a lipoprotein, whose role it is to deliver lipids to every cell in the body.
Cholesterol is a critical component of cell membranes, serves as a brain antioxidant,
and is used by the body to create the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone.
Chronically low LDL levels may impair brain and hormonal activity and increase the
risk of hypobetalipoproteinemia, a condition linked to depression, cirrhosis, preterm
birth, hemorrhagic stroke, and certain types of cancers.
These conditions can affect both sexes but tend to impact females with an LDL below 50
mg/dL. Males, by contrast, are more likely to be affected when their LDL dips below 40
mg/dL.
Similarly, abnormally low LDL levels during pregnancy may trigger hormonal imbalances
that contribute, at least in part, to premature birth. Low LDL is also associated with the
dysregulation of a protein known as tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-a), the condition of
which may be associated with cancer, major depression, and Alzheimer's disease.
With that being said, hypobetalipoproteinemia is often caused by cancer, liver disease,
severe malnutrition, and other wasting disorders. As such, no one knows for sure if a
chronically low LDL is necessarily the cause or consequence of a disease. It may be in
some cases, but not others.
Hypobetalipoproteinemia is also believed associated with mutations of the so-called
ANGPTL3 gene, causing abnormal drops in both LDL and HDL. Other likely genetic causes
have been identified.
SUMMARY
Lipid, any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of
membranes that are grouped together because they do not interact appreciably with water. These molecules
yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body. Cholesterol is a waxy
substance. It is a type of blood fat, and blood fats are known as lipids. Cholesterol and other lipids are carried in
the blood attached to proteins, forming tiny spheres, or "parcels" known as lipoproteins.
There is no clear correlation between dietary cholesterol and any pathology; a major reduction in its intake
would be inevitably accompanied by important changes in dietary habits. These changes could then deteriorate
the protein and vitamin intakes and cause more health disorders.
There is no clear correlation between dietary cholesterol and any pathology; a major reduction in its intake
would be inevitably accompanied by important changes in dietary habits. These changes could then deteriorate
the protein and vitamin A, E, D, K intakes and cause more health disorders.
Low cholesterol can cause a problem, while high cholesterol might not. There is some concern that in rare
cases, hypolipidemia could lead to anxiety, depression, brain bleeding, cancer, in pregnant women, preterm birth
or low birthweight, etc. But many questions remain about the effects of very low or high cholesterol. Experts say
they need more research to prove that it could have these consequences.
REFERENCES
1.What is Cholesterol?, written by American Heart Association editorial staff and reviewed by science and medicine advisers. Last
Reviewed: Nov 6, 2020
2.NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). "The biology of fats in the body." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23
April 2013.
3.Lipid by Thomas E. Thompson posted on Britannica
4.Nguyen Van Toan, Right understanding about the roles of food lipids and the lipids digestion in the human body
5. Lipids: Nutrition and Health(2015) by Claude Leray
6.Singh V, Sharma R, Kumar A, Deedwania P. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: current status and future strategies for
management. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;6:979-96.
7.Huff T, Jialal I. Physiology, cholesterol, 2019.
8.Michos E. Why cholesterol matters for women. Health, Conditions and Diseases.
9.Bartels Ä, O'donoghue K. Cholesterol in pregnancy: a review of knowns and unknowns. Obstet Med. 2011;4(4):147-51.
10.Ruan XZ, Varghese Z, Powis SH, Moorhead JF. Dysregulation of LDL receptor under the influence of inflammatory cytokines: a
new pathway for foam cell formation. Kidney Int. 2001;60(5):1716-25.
11.Elmehdawi R. Hypolipidemia: a word of caution. Libyan J Med. 2008;3(2):84-90.
12.Welty FK. Hypobetalipoproteinemia and abetalipoproteinemia. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2014;25(3):161-8.
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