THIN WALL PRESSURE

VESSELS
ALQASIM GREEN UNIVERSITY

Assist lecture: NEHAD ABID ALLAH

STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
SECOND STAGE

‫نظام المحاضرات االلكتروني‬

2.2 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS

 Cylindrical and spherical pressure

vessels are commonly used for storing
gas and liquids under pressure.
 A thin cylinder is normally defined as
one in which the thickness of the metal
is less than 1/20 of the diameter of the
cylinder.
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS CONTD
 In thin cylinders, it can be assumed
that the variation of stress within the
metal is negligible, and that the mean
diameter, Dm is approximately equal to
the internal diameter, D.
 At mid-length, the walls are subjected
to hoop or circumferential stress, and
a longitudinal stress, .
Hoop and Longitudinal Stress
2.2.1 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical
shell
 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical shell
Contd.

 The internal pressure, p tends to

increase the diameter of the cylinder
and this produces a hoop or
circumferential stress (tensile).
 If the stress becomes excessive, failure
in the form of a longitudinal burst would
occur.
 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical shell
Concluded

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on
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res
sur
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
h x2Lt =PxdL


h=(Pd
)/2t

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2.2.2. Longitudinal stress in thin
cylindrical shell
 Longitudinal stress in thin cylindrical
shell Contd.

The internal pressure, P also produces a tensile stress in

longitudinal direction as shown above.
 d2
Force by P acting on an area is balanced by
4
longitudinal stress, L acting over an approximate area,

dt (mean diameter should strictly be used). That is:

 d2
L x  d t  P x
4
Pd
L 
4t
 Note

 1. Since hoop stress is twice longitudinal

stress, the cylinder would fail by tearing
along a line parallel to the axis, rather than
on a section perpendicular to the axis.
 The equation for hoop stress is therefore
used to determine the cylinder thickness.
 Allowance is made for this by dividing the
thickness obtained in hoop stress equation
by efficiency (i.e. tearing and shearing
efficiency) of the joint.
Longitudinal stress in thin cylindrical
shell Concluded
Example

 A cylindrical boiler is subjected to an

internal pressure, p. If the boiler has a
mean radius, r and a wall thickness, t,
derive expressions for the hoop and
longitudinal stresses in its wall. If
Poisson’s ratio for the material is 0.30,
find the ratio of the hoop strain to the
longitudinal strain and compare it with
the ratio of stresses.
 Solution

H o o p s t r e s s w ill c a u s e e x p a n s io n o n t h e la t e r a l d ir e c t io n a n d is
e q u a l to  y w h ile t h e lo n g it u d in a l s t r e s s is  x

p d p x 2r p r
H o o p s tre s s ,  h    ie  y
2 t 2t t
p d p x 2r p r
L o n g it u d in a l s t r e s s ,  L    i.e . x
4t 4t 2t
( a ) S t r e s s r a t io = 2
1 1 pr pr 0 .2 p r
(b )  x  [ x    y]  [  0 .3 ] ( L o n g itu d in a l s tr a in )
E E 2t t E t
1 1 pr pr 0 .8 5 p r
 y  [ y [    x] 
 0 .3 ] ( H o o p s tr a in )
E E t 2t E t
H o o p s tr a in 0 .8 5
R a tio o f s tr a in s    4 .2 5
L o n g itu d in a l s tr a in 0 .2
2.2.3 Pressure in Spherical Vessels

2.2.3 PressureinSphericalVessels
Problemsdealingwithspherical vesselsfollowsimilar solutionstothat for thincylinders
except that there will be longitudinal stresses in all directions. No hoop or circumferential
stressesareproduced.

Pd
i.e L
4t