SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND LAND

COVER CHANGE DETECTION OF SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA

PRESENTED BY

SOARES-OGUNBIYI OREOLUWA
020405024
Advance Remote Sensing II (SVY 808)
Prof. OLALEYE, J.B
FEBRUARY, 2020
Introduction
• Land is one of the critical natural resource on which most
developmental activities are based. For the success of any
planning activity, detailed and accurate information regarding the
land cover and associated land use is of paramount importance
(Chandra, et al., 2009).
• Urban land use and land cover (LULC) datasets are very
important sources for many applications, such as socioeconomic
studies, urban management and planning, and urban
environmental evaluation. The increasing population and
economic growth have resulted in rapid urban expansion in the
past decades (Weng, 2010).
introduction

Image classification is a particular case of Pattern Recognition. The

overall objective of the classification process is to automatically classify
all pixels in an image into land cover classes based on the predefined
classification model. The term pattern in case of image classification
refers to the set of radiance measurements obtained in the various
wavelength bands for each pixel. There are numerous classification
algorithms. Classifiers are described under broad categories such as
supervised and unsupervised classifiers, parametric and non parametric,
fuzzy classifiers and knowledge base classifiers.
introduction

Supervised classification is a classifications method that users

specify examples of information classes of interest in the image
for the computer system to use. Selected examples are statistical
data that determine data characteristics, which the computer
system uses for processing and classifying each pixel of satellite
data into information classes specified by uses as training sites
(lillesand & kiefer, 1987). The accuracy and reliability of this
classification method depend on the characteristic of training
sites, whether they are adequately diverse to cover all
information classes and able to represent the population of all
classes.
introduction
In Unsupervised classification, the identities of land cover types has to be
specified as classes within a scene are not generally known as prior because
ground truth is lacking or surface features within the scene are not well
defined. The computer is required to group pixel data into different spectral
classes according to some statistically determined criteria.
 AIM

The aim of this study is to produce a land use land

cover map of states in SOUTH-SOUTH zone at
different epochs (2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018) in
order to detect the changes that have taken place.
OBJECTIVES

The above stated aim will be

accomplished with the following specific
objectives:
• Acquisition of imageries for each of the state that make up the SOUTH-SOUTH Region
of Nigeria.
• Calculation of the area in SqMetres for each of the state that make of the region
• Classification of Imageries into Bare Soil, Vegetated Soil, Water body and
Transportation Infrastructure (Land, Water, Air) for each year.
• Expression of each feature as a percentage of the area of each state.
• Collation of Information for each zone.
• Computation of change in different classified features from one epoch to another for
each state and each zone.
STUDY AREA

SOUTH-SOUTH Nigeria (also known as the NIGER

DELTA region) consists of six states (as shown in Figure
below) . The Niger Delta is the Delta of the Niger
River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic
Ocean in Nigeria.
STUDY AREA
INSTRUMENTATION
• ENVI
HARDWARE • Microsoft Excel 2010
• • Microsoft Power point 2010
Window 7 HP Laptop Computer
• Mouse
• HP Printer
• SPECTRANET Mifi (Internet
access)
• Flash Drive

SOFTWARE
• ArcGIS 10.2
• Microsoft word 2010
• Internet Google
• Google Earth
METHODOLOGY
Data Acquisition
• Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI images were obtained
through the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website.

• Images acquired for the study area included Landsat scenes

(path 190/row 55 & 56; path 189/row 55 & 56; path 190/row 53&
54; path 191/row 53 & 54, path 187/row 54 & 55).

• A mosaic image was created for each scene using ENVI 5.3.to
generate /extract the spatial extent of the study area. The
mosaicked images had minimum cloud cover.
 Data Acquisition

• Radiometric Correction
Classification of individual scenes corrects for Radiometric correction. Additionally,
the use of cloud-free images acquired at approximately the same time of year
reduced possible environmental effects.

• Geometric Correction
The Landsat images were already geometrically corrected when downloaded from
USGS website. Each image was geometrically referenced to the World Geodetic
System (WGS) 1984, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31 North.

• Spectral Correction
Spectral correction was carried during the supervised classification of imageries
 Data Acquisition cont.
Information compilation and Extraction
• Combination of metadata files for each epoch (2003, 2008,
2013 and 2018)
• After the Atmospheric correction, radiometric correction,
noise reduction and Image Enhancement have been done
properly on the individual metadata file of each scene for
each state in the zone for specified years, all the metadata
(for each year 2003, 2008 and 2013 and 2018) were
combined (shown in the figures below) together to form a
composite image for the years (i.e. 2003, 2008, 2013 AND
2018).
• Resizing the metadata files for each epoch (2003,
2008,2013 and 2018)

• After the process above, the boundary (vector map) that

covered our study area (as shown in figure below) was
overlaid on it in order to use it to resize/clip the metadata
files (images) into the size of the study area
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

• This is the combination of the metadata files for all

epochs (2003,2008,2013, and 2018).

• After image preprocessing was completed for all

scenes in each epoch of each state in the zone
(SOUTH-SOUTH), all the metadata for each epochs
(2003,2008,2013, and 2018) were combined (as show
in figure 3.3) together to form a composite image for
the epochs (2003,2008,2013, and 2018)
RESULT PRESENTATION
 This following are the result obtained from
individual states for different epochs and the
collated states as a zone.
 EDO STATE
Area Coverage in (%)
60

50

40

30
(%)

20

10

0
2003 2008 2013 2018
 60
Area Coverage in (%)

50

40

30
(%)

20

10

0
Built-up Area Vegetation Wetland Water Bodies Bare Soil
DISCUSSION on EDO Change Detection Analysis

From the ABOVE GRAPH,

there seems to be a general increase in Built Up land
cover percentage across the four different epochs
showing increase in development and population size
within Edo State.
Also, there exist unstable changes among Bare Soil,
Vegetation and Wet Land feature classes and this can
be attributed to variation in climate and weather factors.

The WATER feature class tends to be stable due to little or

 DELTA STATE
Area Coverage in (%) Area Coverage in (%)
60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30
(%)

(%)
20 20

10 10

0 0
2003 2008 2013 2018 Built-up Area Vegetation Wetland Water Bodies Bare Soil
Comments on Delta Land Cover Change
Detection

• From the above graph, there seems to be a sharp increase in Built Up land
cover percentage in the epoch 2008 and a sharp decrease in 2013 in population
within state though it was fairly stable from 2013 to 2018 which may be due to
the militancy activities such as kidnapping and general insecurity within these
years.
• The Bare soil feature class seems to be generally stable and changes very
slow upward this may due to policies set by the government to preserve
agricultural lands.
• Also, there exist decrease changes in Vegetation Cover feature class and an
increase in the wetland feature class and this can be attributed to the fact that
more people are going into farming activities and grazing. The WATER feature
class tends to be stable due to little or no changes in the drainage network
within the area.
 bayelsa STATE

Area Coverage in (%)

50
Area Coverage in (%)
50
45

45
40

40
35

35
30

30
25

(%)
25
(%)

20

20

15
15

10
10

5
5

0
0 BuilUp Area Vegetation Wetland Water Bodies Bare Soil
2003 2008 2013 2018
 Comments on bayelsa State Land Cover Change Detection

From the GRAPH ABOVE, there seems to be a general slow and unstable
increase in Built Up and Wet land land cover features percentages across
the four different epochs though the wetland increases in 2018 due to the
pickup of faming activities springing up in the area.

The Bare Soil feature class was stable across the epochs.

Also, there exist decrease changes in Vegetation Cover feature classes

and this can be attributed to variation in climate and weather factors. The
WATER feature class tends to be stable due to little or no changes in the
drainage network within the area.
 RIVERS STATE
Area Coverage in (%) Area Coverage in (%)
45
45
40
40

35
35

30
30

25
25
(%)

(%)
20
20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
2003 2008 2013 2018 Built-up Area Vegetation Wetland Water Bodies Bare Soil
Comments on RIVERS Land Cover Change
Detection

• From the GRAPH ABOVE, there seems to be an increase in Built Up land

cover features percentage from 2003 to 2008 and a decrease from 2013 to
2018 within the four different epochs.
• Since one decade ago, there have been lost of human lives and resources
from the state due to unfavourable political environment, there also exist
various forms of insecurities in this area due to the activities of kidnapping and
cultism which may have slow down developmental activities within the state
though there are trends to mitigate these problems.

• Also there exist the percentage increase in Wet Land and Vegetation Feature
Classes. The Bare Soil feature class seem to be stable due to decrease in
developmental activities within this period. The water feature class tends to be
stable due to little or no changes in the drainage.
 AKWA-IBOM STATE

Area Coverage in (%)

Area Coverage in (%)
80
80

70
70

60
60

50 50

40 40
(%)

(%)
30 30

20 20

10 10

0
0 Built-up Area Vegetation Wetland Water Bodies Bare Soil
2003 2008 2013 2018
Comments AKWA-IBOM State Land Cover Change
Detection

• From the ABOVE GRAPH, there seems to be a

general increase in Wet Land land cover features
percentage across the four different epochs this may
be largely due to the fact that more people are now
going into farming activities. This which contributed to
the decrease in vegetation cover except in 2008 when
it appreciates a little. The built-up feature class
experience stable changes. The Water feature class
tends to be generally stable across the epochs.
 CROSS-RIVERS STATE

Area Coverage in (%)

Area Coverage in (%)
90
90

80
80

70
70

60
60

50
50

(%)
(%)

40
40

30
30

20
20

10
10

0
0 Built-up Area Vegetation Wetland Water Bodies Bare Soil
2003 2008 2013 2018
Comments on CROSS RIVERS State Land Cover
Change Detection

• From the GRAPH ABOVE, there seems to be a general increase in

bare soil and decrease in Vegetation Land cover features
percentages across the four different epochs except in 2008 showing
a sharp increase of thick vegetation cover.
• The Wet Land feature class experience steady increase after a
sharp decline in 2008. The water feature class tends to be generally
stable over the four epochs except in 2008 were the vegetation is all
time high.
• The built up area is generally unstable as it increases and decreases
across the epochs. This may be due to the communal clashes as a
result of boundary and other communal conflict.
 SOUTH-SOUTH Geo-Political Zone

Area Coverage in (%)

Area Coverage in (%) 50
50
45
45

40 40

35
35
30

25 30
(%)

20
25

(%)
15
20
10

5
15
0
2003 2008 2013 2018
10

0
Built-up Area Vegetation Wetland Water Body Bare Soil
Comments on SOUTH-SOUTH ZONE Land Cover
Change Detection
 Projection of Changes in the Next 5 Years for
Projection for SOUTH-SOUTH 2022

SOUTH-SOUTH

To project land cover changes in the zone for the next 5 years can
be done only through studying the patterns highlighted by the
different feature classes considered in this project

Projection for SOUTH-SOUTH 2023

 CONCLUSION

In Conclusion, the aim of the project which was to study the

Change Detection, Land Cover and Trend Analysis of
SOUTH-SOUTH Geopolitical states in Nigeria using satellites
imageries of four different epochs (2003, 2008, 2013 AND
2018) was successfully carried out