CHEMIOSMOSIS

BY: ALBOLOTE & GELILANG

Key terms: CHEMIOSMOSIS- The movement of ions across a selectively
permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.

ATP SYNTHASE- An important enzyme that provides energy

for the cell to use through the
synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION- a metabolism reaction

that results in the production of ATP or GTP by the transfer of a
phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP or GDP.

NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD) - An

ubiquitous coenzyme comprised of two nucleotides

FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (FDA)-a biomolecule

derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2),and functions in various
metabolic activities such as acting as a redox cofactor in various
oxidation-reduction reactions.
ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT -a difference hydrogen ion
concentration across a membrane producing a concentration
gradient and an electrical potential gradient. These gradients
together store potential energy in the cell which is available for
work.
 What is
chemiosmosis?
How does it work?
Where does it occur?
Inside Mitochondria
CHEMIOSMOSIS
: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
- is a biological process wherein ions (usually protons, H+) are moved to the
other side of the membrane resulting in the generation of an electrochemical
gradient that can be used to drive ATP synthesis

- Ions will move across a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration. Ions also move to balance out the electric charge across
a membrane

- Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+

from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.
- H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the complex ATP
synthases.
- ATP synthase uses exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP
ATP Synthase
- Enzyme channel in
mitochondrial membrane
-permeable to H+
- H + flow down
concentration gradient
- Flow like water over
water wheel
- Flowing of H+ cause change
in shape of ATP synthase
enzyme
- Powers bonding of Pi to ADP
: ADP + Pi
ATP
 Stator

● The energy stored in H+

gradient across a membrane
couples the redox reactions of
the electron transport chain to
ATP synthesis.
● The H+ gradient is referred to
as a proton-motive force,
emphasizing its capacity to do
work.
 ● CHEMIOSMOSIS
MODEL
During chemiosmosis, electron
carriers like NADH and FADH
donate electrons to the electron
transport chain. The electrons cause
conformation changes in the shapes
of the proteins to pump H+ across a
selectively permeable cell
membrane. The uneven distribution
of H+ ions across the membrane
establishes both concentration and
electrical gradients (thus, an
electrochemical gradient) owing to
the hydrogen ions’ positive charge
and their aggregation on one side of
the membrane.
 NADH FADH2 ATP
ATP PRODUCTION: GLYCOLYSIS 2 0 2

LINK REACTION 2 0 0
NADH = 4H+ (+) 4H+ (+) 2H+ = CITRIC ACID CYCLE 6 2 2
10H+
FADH2 = 4H+ (+) 2H+ = 6H+ TOTAL 10 2 4

1 Rotation = 3 ATP
9 subunits = 9H+ = 3 ATP
3H+ = 1 ATP
+1 H+ (ATP-ADP Translocase)
= 4H+ = 1 ATP

1 NADH = 10H+ = 2.5 ATP

1 NADH2 = 6H+ = 1.5 ATP
10 NADH 2 FADH2 ATP TOTAL
25 ATP 3 ATP 4 ATP 32 ATP
 Commonly used Calculation
10 NADH 2 FADH2 ATP TOTAL
1 NADH = 3 ATP 30 ATP 4 ATP 4 ATP 38 TAP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

REMEMBER CHEMIOSMOSIS FUNCTION

Chemiosmosis is about energy coupling. The relationship

between chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis lies in the
generation of a proton motive force. Cellular respiration
employs chemiosmosis as the mechanism that drives ATP
synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
 KEY POINTS

Hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through

the inner mitochondrial membrane through a membrane
protein called ATP synthase.

During chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of

reactions that make up the electron transport chain is used to
pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, establishing an
electrochemical gradient.

As protons move through ATP synthase, ADP is turned into

ATP.

The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis

in mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation.
 CHEMIOSMOS
03 IS EXAMPLES
In Chlorplast and Bacteria
Chemiosmosis in Chloroplast ?
? The chloroplast is the organelle involved
primarily in photosynthesis. It has a
thylakoid system that harvests light.

it serves as the location for the light reactions (or

light-dependent processes). The matrix of the
chloroplast is referred to as the stroma

In chloroplast, chemiosmosis occurs in the

thylakoid. This membrane system has its own
transport chain and ATP synthases

Ions
Hydrogen
CHEMIOSMOSIS IN PROKARYOTIC
CELL ?
?

In prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea,

chemiosmosis occurs in the cell membrane since these
organisms lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.

The hydrogen ions (protons) move across the

biological membrane via the ATP synthase (a
transport protein) when a proton gradient forms on
the other side of the membrane.

In this diagram, chemiosmosis is shown to occur in

the cell membrane of a photosynthetic bacterium.
Credit: Darekk2, CC BY-SA 3.0.
 CHEMIOSMOSIS VS. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

CHEMIOSMOSIS
Chemiosmosis is the
mechanism used by oxidative
phosphorylation to directly
make ATP.
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
Vs. Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic
pathway that generates ATP from the
energy produced through a series of
redox reactions in the electron transport
chain.