Program: B.Tech., CS, 1st Year, 1st Sem.

BT-104 :BEEE

Topic: BJT
July-Dec-2021

Mr. Sourabh Sharma

Assistant Professor, EC Dept.
BT-104 BT-104 1 1
 Outlines
• Prerequisite of topic
• Transistor
• Active, Cut-off and Saturation mode
• Operation of transistor
• Configuration of Transistor
• Learning Outcomes
• Exercise

BT-104 • References 2
 Prerequisite of topic
 Know about working of P-N junction diode.
Know about intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor.
Know about p-type and n-type semiconductor.
Know about current conduction.
Know about semiconductor.

BT-104 3
 Transistor
The term transistor normally refers to a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).
The transistor contains either one p-type and two n-type semiconductor layers or one
n-type and two p-type semiconductor layers.

The transistor that is made up of one p-type and two n-type semiconductor layers is
known as n-p-n transistor whereas the transistor that is made up of one n-type and
two p-type semiconductor layers is known as p-n-p transistor.

Word Transistor means “ Transfer the Resistance”.

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 1,4

4
 Transistor definition
A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that amplifies or switches the
flow of current.

A transistor is an electronic device that controls the current flow or switches the
current flow.

A transistor is an electronic device that controls the movement of electrons (charge

carriers).

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 1

5
 Symbol of Transistor

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 1,4

6
 Terminals of BJT
  Emitter
As the name suggests, the emitter section supplies the charge carriers. The emitter
section is heavily doped so that it can inject a large number of charge carriers into
the base. The size of the emitter is always greater than the base.

  Base
The middle layer is called base. The base of the transistor is very thin as compared
to emitter and collector. It is very lightly doped.

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 2

7
 Terminals of BJT
  Collector
The function of the collector is to collect charge carriers. It is moderately doped.
That is the doping level of the collector section is in between emitter and base. The
size of the collector is always greater than emitter and base.

Collector have largest area because the collector region has to handle more power
than the emitter does and more surface area is required for heat dissipation.

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 2

8
 BJT operation modes
The transistor can be operated in three modes:

Active mode

Cut-off mode

Saturation mode

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 2,4

9
 Active Mode
In the active mode, one junction (emitter to base) is forward biased and another
junction (collector to base) is reverse biased and Transistor work as amplifier.

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 2,4

10
 Cutoff mode
In the cutoff mode, both the junctions of the transistor (emitter to base and collector to
base) are reverse biased. Therefore, the transistor is in off state and acts like an open
switch.

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 2,4

11
 Saturation mode
In the saturation mode, both the junctions of the transistor (emitter to base and collector
to base) are forward biased. Therefore, the transistor is in ON state and acts like an
closed switch.

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 2,4

12
 Operation of NPN Transistor in Active Mode

Emitter Current =
Base Current + Collector Current
Ie = Ib + Ic

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 3,4

13
 Types of Transistor Configuration
Depending upon the terminal which is used as a common terminal to the input and output
terminals, the transistor can be connected in the following three configurations. They are:

Common base (CB) configuration

Common emitter (CE) configuration

Common collector (CC) configuration

BT-104 SELO: 5,6,9 Reference No.: 3

14
 Exercise
1. Describe the operation Transistor.
2. How transistor act as Switch?
3. Why collector have largest area?
4. Why Emitter is heavily doped?

BT-104 15
 Learning Outcomes

Know about Transistor.

Know about operation of transistor.

Know about different configuration of transistor.

BT-104 16
 References
1. M.S. Sukhija, T. K. Nagsarkar, Basic Electrical and electronics
engineering, Oxford University press
2. Sanjeev Gupta, “Electronic Devices & Circuits”, DRPC
3. Millman and Halkias, “Integrated Electronics”, TMH
4. Physics and Radio Electronics

BT-104 17
BT-104 BT-104 18 18