Chapter 6 (5th Ed) 2 (6th Ed):

Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing and Spreading

REMINDER: Tuesday’s (2/15/22) lecture online

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 Multiplexing & Spreading (Physical Layer Issues)
Up to this point, you
have learning about
translating “data”
into a “signal” – so
that the “signal” can
travel across the
transport
It would be very efficient use of the transport’s bandwidth if multiple
signals could travel on the transport at the same time ?
Also, it would be great if we could protect against eavesdropping

That efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; privacy

and anti-jamming can be achieved by spreading.
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Dividing a link into channels – Multiplexing in general

Explain this

Categories of multiplexing

Will also cover Statistical

Time-Division Multiplexing
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 Frequency-division multiplexing
Divide the link’s
bandwidth into separate
channels (guardband
separating each channel)

Recall from the Modulation Lectures that – being able to modulate around
different “carrier frequencies” was important to being able to adjust the
modulated signal into a particular “band” (bandpass signal)

On the
MULTIPLEXING
SIDE

Resultant modulated
signals are
combined into a
single composite
Signals modulate different carrier
signal
frequencies (based on amplitude in
this case)
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 FDM demultiplexing example

On the
DEMULTIPLEXING
SIDE

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Example
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a
bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.

Solution
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to
different bandwidth. We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth
for the first channel, the 24- to 28-kHz bandwidth for the
second channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth for the
third one. Then we combine them into a single composite
signal.

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 Wavelength-division multiplexing

Same as FDM but instead of electrical type signals – muxing optical

signals (light signals)

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 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
All networking devices work off clock ticks (explain)
Do “tap” analogy

Explain this

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Synchronous time-division multiplexing

Given n
connections
needing to be
muxed, each frame
is divided into n
parts (for each
slot)
Also notice that the time
In this case, each frame is divided duration before muxing is 1/3
into 3 time slots of the time duration after
muxing
For synchronous TDM, the data rate of the For synchronous TDM, the Tx and Rx
output link must be n times the data rate of the must be in synch for the Rx to “pull out”
connection to guarantee the flow of data of the frame the correct set of data (called
interleaving)

In keeping the mux and demux in synch, synch

bits (framing bits) are added at the beginning of
each frame
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Suppose the input data rates are different ?
Multilevel multiplexing
When input data rates are multiple of
others – can be combined to make equal
– for example, the two 20 kbps links
could be muxed together as a 40 kbps
link
Multi-slot multiplexing
Allocate more than 1 time slot in a
frame to a single input – for example,
the 50 kbps line gets 2 slots, while the
25 kbps lines get 1 slot each

Pulse Stuffing
Make the highest input data rate the
dominate rate and then add dummy bits
(stuffing) to the other input lines

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Statistical TDM
For STATISTICAL TDM - Time slots are dynamically allocated based on previous
history

Slots are reserved –

could be wasted
slots

Slots are allocated to

Input Lines with
data only – no
wasted slots –
because of this, the
address of the Rx
has to be carried
with the data
The address needs to be n bits to define N output lines – with
n = log2N (ie. need 5-bit address for 32 output lines)

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SPREAD SPECTRUM
In spread spectrum (SS), we combine signals
from different sources to fit into a larger
bandwidth, but our goals are to prevent
eavesdropping and jamming. To achieve these
goals, spread spectrum techniques add
redundancy.
Typically used for wireless applications – privacy
outweighs efficiency in this case

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous (DSSS)
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 Frequency selection in FHSS

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 DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Each bit sent by the Tx is replaced with a set of bits called a “chip code”
• For the time it takes to send the original single bit, it now will take more time to
send the chip code
• Therefore, the data rate must be N times the original data rate, where N is the #
of bits of the chip code
• Also, the bandwidth for the chip code should N times greater than the original
bit stream’s BW

Example of original bits

being transmitted as 6-bit
chip codes

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 DSSS using polar NRZ encoding

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