Compressible flow of gases, Klinkenberg Effect

Prepared by: Ussembay Aibek

Maratov Nurlan
Compressibility, as physical phenomenon,
plays a key role in general underground
petroleum production. Nearly all production
of oil, gas and formation water is related
to volume expansion when the
reservoir pressure decreases due to removal
of reservoir fluids.
Application of the Darcy Law

A fundamental basis for the analysis of flow of

fluids through porous media is Darcy’s law.

Equation:

However, Darcy’s-law is only valid for a

laminar and steady-state on-phase flow through
a porous medium. Moreover, the fluid has to be
largely incompressible.

And we know, gases are very compressible

Compressible Gas Flow Through Porous Rocks

Let us assume, that we have natural gas:

Then, with Boyle-Marriott law we have
this further equations;
==

Combining with Darcy equation:

We can separate variables and

integration with limits from p1 to p2,
and from 0 to L:

=
=
Use for real gases
For real gas we need to have this equations;
𝒑 𝒔𝒄 𝒒 𝒔𝒄 𝒑𝒒
=
𝒛 𝒔𝒄 𝑻 𝒔𝒄 𝒛𝑻

Gas flow experiments are typically run at low

pressures and surrounding temperature, that is why
𝝁 𝒛 =~
𝒖𝒛

𝐴 𝑑𝑝 Important note:
𝑞 ( 𝑥 ) =−𝑘𝑎𝑔
𝜇 𝑑𝑥
• Permeability calculated using the eq. above at
Experiments at standard isothermal conditions; T = Tsc low test pressures is higher than the true
Additionally, tests are run under low pressures yielding permeability
z=1
=
Klinkenberg effect