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Building Services Ii: Unit 1 - Electrical and Electronic Systems: Electrical Wiring Systems
Building Services Ii: Unit 1 - Electrical and Electronic Systems: Electrical Wiring Systems
Definition 1. The ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on a conductor
to the current (I) flowing between them is constant, provided the temperature of the
conductor does not change.
Where R is the resistance of the conductor between the two points considered.
In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchoff developed a pair or set of rules or laws which
deal with the conservation of current and energy within electrical circuits. These two rules are
commonly known as:
Kirchoffs Circuit Laws with one of Kirchoffs laws dealing with the current flowing around
a closed circuit, Kirchoffs Current Law, (KCL)
while the other law deals with the voltage sources present in a closed circuit,
Kirchoffs Voltage Law, (KVL).
LAWS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
3-PHASE POWER
If the voltage of regular house power is examined on an oscilloscope,
it looks like a simple sine wave, the smooth curve going up and down. It is off (0 volts) 120
times a second and goes from +120 to -120 on each swing. This is technically called single
phase power, a term that is almost never used. Single phase power takes two wires
(often a third for safety ground.)
When 240 power is required, a second sine wave is introduced exactly the opposite of this
one so at the peak, there is 240 volts from peak to peak and zero at the crossing.
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3-PHASE POWER
Three phase power has at least three wires (usually 4 for a safety ground) and when the
voltage on the three wires is examined over time it is discovered that each of the wires
has the voltage going through zero at a different time, evenly dividing the interval graphed
like this: because of the timing (and the fact that power comes out of the generator this way)
it is possible to deliver power more smoothly and to deliver more power over the same size
wires. For this reason, most big power users receive their power as three phase and either
divide it up among different single phase uses on the property (carefully balancing the loads
between phase to make the power company happy) or using the three phase directly. Most
really serious glass fusers and saggers (with kilns measured in feet, not inches) use 3 phase
feeds to the kiln. Besides, it is cheaper.
EARTHING FOR SAFETY
EARTHING
How earthing Works? The basic idea of a safety from electrical disaster the same everywhere. The case
(chassis) of the equipment (and except for special situations, the internal electronics) is connected to an
earth pin on the mains outlet. This is then connected through the house wiring and switchboard to an
electrically solid earth point, which is called EARTHING or GROUNDING.
If a fault develop within the equipment that causes the active (live) conductor to come into contact with
the chassis, the fault current will flow to earth, and the equipment or main switchboard fuse or circuit
breaker will blow. This protects the user from electric shock, bypassing the dangerous current directly to
earth.
Earth Clamp
EARTHING FOR SAFETY
TYPES OF EARTHING
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHING – IS 3043 - 1987
TN System,
TT System and
IT System.
EARTHING FOR SAFETY
TYPES OF EARTHING
TN system — has one or more points of the source of energy directly earthed, and the
exposed and extraneous conductive parts of the installation are connected by means
of protective conductors to the earthed point(s) of the source, that is, there is a
metallic path for earth fault currents to flow from the installation to the earthed
point(s) of the source. TN systems are further sub-divided into TN-G, TN-S and TN-C- Systems.
EARTHING FOR SAFETY
TYPES OF EARTHING
TT system — has one or more points of the source of energy directly earthed and the
exposed and extraneous conductive parts of the installation are connected to a local
earth electrode or electrodes are electrically independent of the source earth (s).
EARTHING FOR SAFETY
TYPES OF EARTHING
IT system — has the source either unearthed or earthed through a high impedance
and the exposed conductive parts of the installation are connected to electrically
independent earth electrodes.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
DEFINITIONS
Conductor
A conductor comprises a single metallic core with or without an insulating envelope.
Cable
A cable is made up of a number of conductors, electrically separated, but joined
mechanically, generally enclosed in a protective flexible sheath.
Cableways
The term cableway refers to conductors and/or cables together with the means of
support and protection, etc. for example : cable trays, ladders, ducts, trenches,
and so on… are all “cableways”.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
TYPES OF CABLE,
METHODS OF INSTALLATION
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Conductors
The commonest conductor used in cables is copper. The only other conductor used is
aluminium.
Insulation
Every conductor must be insulated to keep them apart, keep the flow of current within the
conductor and prevent its leaving or leaking from the conductor at random along its
length. The following types of insulation are in use.
- Thermoplastic PVC
- Thermosetting insulation
- Butyl rubber
- Silicone rubber
- Glass
- Paper
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
TYPES OF CABLE
1. a single-core PVC-insulated steel wire armoured PVC-covered
cable. This is conventionally referred to as a PVC/SWA/PVC cable.
2. A three-core PVC-insulated steel wire armoured cable with a PVC covering. The
abbreviation for this is PVC/S/SWA/PVC cable. A considerable number of variations on
this basic design is possible.
3. This particular cable would be described as three-phase straight concentric, which would
be abbreviated PCU/PVC/straight concentric/PVC cable. This type of cable is used to supply
TN-C-S systems, where the armouring forms the CPC (Circuit Protective Conductor) and the
neutral conductor.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
METHODS OF PROTECTION
Conduit
In a conduit system the cables are drawn into tubing called conduit. The conduit can be
steel or plastic. Steel conduit is made in both light gauge and heavy gauge, of which
heavy gauge is much more frequently used.
Conduit coupling
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
METHODS OF INSTALLATION
Conduit should be thick enough for the cross-sectional area of the metal to provide a good
earth continuity path. The conduit can, therefore, be used as the earth continuity
conductor and no separate cable or wire need be used for this purpose. It is essential that
the conduit, with all its fittings and screwed joints, should form a continuous conducting
path of low impedance and the safety
conduit between successive draw-in boxes should not exceed about 10m and there should
not be more than two right-angle bends between successive boxes.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
CONDUIT
A further requirement is that the bends should be made with as large a radius as the position of the
conduit within the building permits.
(4) Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)-insulated bus-bars, used in medium- and high-voltage systems
The sulfur hexafluoride-insulated bus-bar is a rigid aluminum tube, supported by insulators and
installed in a larger metal tube, which is filled with high-pressure sulfur hexafluoride gas.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF BUSBAR
According to size 3 types
Installation of the busway may be considered as permanent and will most likely never
be modified. There are no tap-off points.
Frequently used for short runs, it is almost always used for ratings above 1,600 /2,000
A, i.e. when the use of parallel cables makes installation impossible. Busways are also
used between the MLVS and downstream distribution switchboards.
The characteristics of main-distribution busways authorize operational currents
from1,000 to 5,000 A and short-circuit withstands up to 150 kA.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF BUSWAY
2. Sub-distribution busbar trunking with low or high tap-off densities
- Mid-sized premises (industrial workshops with injection presses and metalwork machines or
large supermarkets with heavy loads).
The short-circuit and current levels can be fairly high (respectively 20 to 70 kA and 100 to 1,000
- Small sites (workshops with machine-tools, textile factories with small machines,supermarkets
with small loads). The short-circuit and
current levels are lower (respectively 10 to 40 kA and 40 to 400 A)
The sub-distribution concept is also valid for vertical distribution in the form of 100 to
5,000 A risers in tall buildings.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF BUSWAY
3. Lighting distribution busbay
Lighting circuits can be distributed using two types of busbar trunking according to whether the
lighting fixtures are suspended from the busbar trunking or not.
Busbar trunking systems are suited to the requirements of a large number of buildings.
Industrial buildings: garages, workshops, farm buildings, logistic centers, etc.
Commercial areas: stores, shopping malls, supermarkets, hotels, etc.
Tertiary buildings: offices, schools, hospitals, sports rooms, cruise liners, etc.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
THE ADVANTAGES OF BUSBAR TRUNKING SYSTEMS
Flexibility
- Easy to change configuration (on-site modification to change production line configuration or
extend production areas).
- Reusing components (components are kept intact): when an installation is subject to major
modifications, the busbar trunking is easy to dismantle and reuse.
- Power availability throughout the installation (possibility of having a tap-off point every meter).
Wide choice of tap-off units.
Simplicity
- Design can be carried out independently from the distribution and layout of current consumers.
- Performances are independent of implementation: the use of cables requires a lot of derating
coefficients.
Manufacturer’s guarantee
Controlled execution times: the trunking system concept guarantees that there are no unexpected
surprises when fitting. The fitting time is clearly known in advance and a quick solution can be
provided to any problems on site with this adaptable and scalable equipment.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
BUSWAY - MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Busbay systems allow circuits to be combined. Compared with a traditional cable distribution
system, consumption of copper raw materials and insulators is divided by 3 due to the busbay
distributed network concept
Busbar trunking systems are getting even better. Among the new features we can mention:
Increased performance with a IP55 protection index and new ratings of 160 A through to 1000 A
(Ks).
New lighting offers with pre-cabled lights and new light ducts.
New fixing accessories. Quick fixing system, cable ducts, shared support with “VDI” (voice, data,
images) circuits.
Flexible busbar trunking not capable of supporting light fittings : Canalis KDP (20 A)
Rigid busbar trunking able to support light fittings : Canalis KBA or KBB (25 and 40 A)
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
CANALIS
lighting for a room or other area in which individual light fixtures are
attached along a narrow, wall- or ceiling-mounted metal track through
which current is conducted, permitting flexible positioning of the lights.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
TRACK LIGHTING – CABLE LIGHTING
Cable lighting systems are most commonly used in spaces with challenging
mounting surfaces. Consider them in rooms with very high ceilings, cathedral or
vaulted ceilings and ceilings interrupted by soffits, beams or exposed ductwork. In
these situations, short runs (under twenty feet) may typically be installed from wall
to wall without any vertical support at all. In situations requiring longer cable runs
additional vertical support is recommended to prevent excessive tension from
stressing the mounting points on the wall.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
TRACK LIGHTING – LOW VOLTAGE MONO RAIL
Monorail lighting systems are characterized by their eye-catching, shapeable metallic rails which
are used to both power and suspend light fixtures.
Monorail lighting system limitations (Low Voltage Monorail vs. Line Voltage Monorail)
Most monorail lighting systems are low voltage. One significant limitation of these systems is that the
total wattage of all fixtures on the system is limited to 300 watts (at 12 volts or 600 watts at 24 volts).
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
TRACK LIGHTING – LINE VOLTAGE MONO RAIL
Line voltage monorail lighting systems share a striking, shapeable metallic rail stucture with the
more common low voltage monorail systems, but they do not require the use of a transformer
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
TRACK LIGHTING – LINE VOLTAGE MONO RAIL
- May be used to power a large number of light fixtures (heads, pendants or some
combination) from a single point of power
- Can power higher-wattage heads including commercial / retail-grade ceramic metal halide
heads
- Can easily have heads and pendants reconfigured without much concern of 'overloading' the
system
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – SWITCH BOARD
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – SOCKET
US FRANCE EURO
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In a large
substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the
network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution
circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation
nearby. Other devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.
SWITCHGEAR
In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit
breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize
equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is important
because it is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
SUBSTATIONS TYPES
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power system, the method
used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the structures used.
Transmission substation
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all
transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, the substation contains high-voltage switches that
allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance.
Distribution substation
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area.
It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use
large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.
Collector substation
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be required. It resembles a
distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind turbines up into the
transmission grid.
Switching substation
A switching substation is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage level.
Switching substations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for
switching the current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – PANEL BOARD
A panel / distribution board is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of
which is controlled and protected by the fuses or switchgear of the panel board. A distribution panel board is divided
into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the
fulfillment of a given function.
Distribution switchboards may differ according to the kind of application and the design principle adopted (notably in
the arrangement of the busbars). Distribution switchboards according to specific applications.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – SWITCHBOARD
A main LV switchboard - MLVS - (Prisma Plus P) with incoming circuits in the form of busways
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – SWITCHBOARDS
In many commercial and industrial applications, quite a few electric motors are required, and it is often
desirable to control some or all of the motors from a central location. The apparatus designed for this
function is the motor control center (MCC).
Motor control centers are simply physical groupings of combination starters in one assembly. A
combination starter is a single enclosure containing the motor starter, fuses or circuit breaker, and a
device for disconnecting power. Other devices associated with the motor, such as pushbuttons and
indicator lights may also be included.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – PANEL BOARD
Two technologies of distribution switchboards
- System modularity that makes it possible to integrate numerous functions in a single distribution
switchboard, including protection,
- Distribution switchboard design is fast because it simply involves adding functional modules
- Prefabricated components can be mounted faster
- Finally, these distribution switchboards are subjected to type tests that ensure a high degree of
dependability.
- Flexibility and ease in building distribution switchboards
- Time savings at all stages, from design to installation, operation and modifications or upgrades
- Easy adaptation, for example to meet the specific work habits and standards in different countries.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS
Lightning Conductors
Lightning conductors were originally developed by Benjamin Franklin. A lightning rod is a metal rod
attached to the roof of a building. The rod might be an inch (2 cm) in diameter. It connects to a huge
piece of copper or aluminum wire that's around an inch in diameter. The wire is connected to a
conductive grid buried in the ground nearby.
Air Terminals –
Also referred to as lightning rods, these inconspicuous copper or aluminum rods are vertically
mounted on the roof at regular intervals as defined by industry safety standards. The air terminals
serve as strike receptors, designed to intercept the lightning strike.
Main Conductors –
Constructed of aluminum or copper, these braided cables connect the air terminals to the other
system components and the grounds.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENT – LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS
Grounds –
A minimum of two ground rods, driven at least 10 feet deep in the earth are required for all
structures. The ground terminations direct the dangerous current into the ground, to eliminate the
chance of injury or damage to the structure. Special grounding requirements are sometimes
necessary in shallow, sandy or rocky soil, which are addressed in the industry safety standards for
installation.
Bonds –
Bonding joins metallic bodies (roof components) and grounded building systems to the main
conductor to ensure conductivity and prevent side flashing (lightning jumping between two objects.)
Entrance Facility
Entrance Facility (EF) refers to the entrance to a building for both public and private
network service cables (as well as antenna transmission lines where applicable),
including the entrance point at the building wall or floor, and continuing to the
entrance room or entrance space.
Equipment Room
The purpose of the Equipment Room (ER) is to provide space and preserve an
appropriate operating environment for any size telecommunications equipment. ERs
supply an entire building (or even a campus) while Telecommunications Room (TR)
only serve one floor of a building or a portion of a floor.
ERs are used to:
• Accommodate portions of common control equipment such as voice, intrusion
detection, data, video, fire alarm, energy management, etc.
• Provide work space for service employees.
• Provide for termination and cross-connection of backbone and horizontal cables.
Telecommunications Room
The Telecommunications Room (TR) houses the connection point between the
building backbone and horizontal distribution pathways.
TRs are used to:
• Maintain a controlled environment for the telecommunications equipment, splice
closures and connecting hardware.
• Provide a point of termination for horizontal and backbone cables on compatible
connecting hardware.
COMMUNICATION – STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEM
Equipment Room
The purpose of the Equipment Room (ER) is to provide space and preserve an
appropriate operating environment for any size telecommunications equipment. ERs
supply an entire building (or even a campus) while Telecommunications Room (TR)
only serve one floor of a building or a portion of a floor.
ERs are used to:
• Accommodate portions of common control equipment such as voice, intrusion
detection, data, video, fire alarm, energy management, etc.
• Provide work space for service employees.
• Provide for termination and cross-connection of backbone and horizontal cables.
Telecommunications Room
The Telecommunications Room (TR) houses the connection point between the
building backbone and horizontal distribution pathways.
TRs are used to:
• Maintain a controlled environment for the telecommunications equipment, splice
closures and connecting hardware.
• Provide a point of termination for horizontal and backbone cables on compatible
connecting hardware.
COMMUNICATION – STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEM
Work Area
The Work Area consists of the communication outlets (wall boxes and faceplates),
wiring, and connectors needed to connect the work area equipment (computers,
printers, etc.) via the horizontal wiring subsystem to the TR.
• The standard requires that a minimum of two outlets be provided at each wall
plate - one for voice and one for data.
• Horizontal cable lengths must take into consideration the maximum length of work
area cables to be utilized.
• Patch cords are designed to provide easy routing changes, and the equipment
cords are considered to have performance equivalent to patch cords of the same
kind and category
COMMUNICATION – STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEM
Cross-Connect
Cross-connects facilitate the termination of cabling elements and their connections
to other elements of the system. Cross-connects are housed in ERs and TRs. They
are generally classified as follows:
• Main cross-connect (MC): Transition point between the entrance cables and
backbone cabling.
• Intermediate cross-connect (IC): Transition point between the backbone cable of
the MC and HC.
• Horizontal cross-connect (HC): Transition point between backbone cabling and
horizontal cabling, typically serving a single floor or portion of a floor.
COMMUNICATION – CABLE TYPES
Cat5 – Category 5 cabling is an out-of-date standard for Ethernet cabling, which is capable of speeds
up to 100 megabits per second.
Cat5e – Category 5e is an improvement on the original Cat5 design. From the outside they look the
same, but Cat5e is capable of speeds up to 1,000 megabits per second. This is because Cat5 and
Cat5e cable both have 4 pairs of wires inside, but Cat5 only utilizes 2 pairs at a time while Cat5e uses
all four. The other improvement comes from tighter twisting of those wires. Cat5 was prone to
“crosstalk”, interference between wire pairs, which the tighter twisting in Cat5e remedies.
Cat6 – Cat6 twists the pairs even tighter, and insulates each pair in its own sheath, which prevents
crosstalk even in areas with outside interference. Its other improvement is that it handles
information at a higher frequency (250MHz instead of the previous 100MHz), which translates to
speeds up to 10,000 megabits per second.
COMMUNICATION – CABLE TYPES
Structured cabling design and installation is governed by a set of standards that specify wiring data
centers, offices, and apartment buildings for data or voice communications using various kinds of
cable, most commonly category 5e (CAT-5e), category 6 (CAT-6), and fibre optic cabling and modular
connectors.
COAXIAL CABLE
PATHWAYS
A pathway is the physical route and space taken by cables between their start and endpoints. The
cost of pathway construction can exceed that of the cabling. The correct selection and design of
pathways is vital to electrical code compliance, cost optimization, and future utility.
- Conduits
- Cable trays
- Surface Molding
- Raised Flooring
- Rack Roofs
- Holocom PDS
COMMUNICATION – PATHWAYS
This flexible tube system allows the required number of fibres of the needed type to be blown in at
any time. The network can thus be expanded in stages, thus also enabling just-in-time installation at
lower cost.
Upgrading fibres is easy and exchanged fibres or MiniCables can be re-used. Typical applications are
access networks (last mile) and in-house cabling systems without requiring any sub-distributors,
floor distributors or splices from the central to final point. The fibre can be laid directly to the
workstation.