UNIT I

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

SYSTEMS: ELECTRICAL WIRING
SYSTEMS

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 Ohm‘s Law (1)
 Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is
 directly proportional to the current I flowing through
 the resistor.
 • Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law is as
 follows: R = Resistance
 • Two extreme possible values of R:
 0 (zero) and ∞ (infinite)
 are related with two basic circuit concepts:
 short circuit and open circuit.

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 Kirchoff’s Current Law
 • Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the
algebraic sum
 of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.

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defn
 A phase is the factional part of the period of
a sinusoidal wave, usually expressed in
electrical degrees.
 A single-phase circuit is an alternating-
current using only one, sine wave type,
current flow.
 A three-phase circuit consists of three
different sine wave current flows, different in
phase by 120 degrees from each other.
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 single-phase electric power
 A single-phase electric power supply is the distribution of
alternating current electric power where all the voltages of the
supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when
loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric
motors. A single-phase power supply has two hot legs or
conductors, which have a sine wave that are 180 degrees apart.
 single phase supply has one or two hot wires, may have one
neutral wire, and (hopefully) one ground wire.

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 Three-phase electric power
 Three phase: a circuit where the main breaker switches
off three poles. For most home owners this is the
equivalent of having 3 separate main breakers that are
divided among the circuits of the home. There are 5 wires
that normally constitute a three phase line, although in
many homes the three phases simply supply the main and
sub panels, but continue throughout most of the home as
single phase lines. In most homes there are not many
devices that run on three phase electricity. However,
examples may include a three phase central air
conditioner, a three phase oven, a 3 phase swimming
pool pump, or a large 3 phase hot water boiler.

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 What's the difference between
single phase and three phase?

 Electricity is either connected at 230 or 240 volts (single-phase, which accounts

for the majority of domestic situations), or 400 and 415 Volts (three-phase). The
latter is better suited to providing for powerful appliances and fixed plant, and
is more commonly used by industrial and larger commercial users.
 If ceramics is your hobby and you have an electric kiln in the garage, or if you
have a massive ducted air conditioning system, you might need three-phase
power connected to your home. This very much comes down to the particular
appliance or hardware you're using and you should check the voltage and power
needs of the gear carefully before making any assumptions. Even large energy
consuming heaters and ovens are single phase most of the time.
 Single-phase comes to the home with two wires: active and neutral. The neutral
wire is connected to earth (water pipe, earth stake, etc.) at the switchboard.
 Three-phase has four wires: three actives (called phases) and one neutral. The
neutral wire is earthed at the switchboard.

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 What is Earth?
 Earth can mean different things to different people. In this
context it means a place of zero potential,
 a place where fault currents can be directed of sufficient
capacity to enable fuses to rupture. In reality
 it is usually the substance beneath our feet and we connect
to this in a number of different ways.
 Buildings are connected to the ground and therefore the
floors on which we stand are at the same
 potential.

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 The electrical connections that come into our homes and
offices need to be safe. This is why the earth connection in
a domestic location is usually made to a metal pipe
(generally the mains water supply) somewhere close to
where it enters the ground.
 It will also be found that the distribution transformer will
have an earth connection, usually in the form of a copper
rod anchored in the ground.
 Lightning conductors that are found on tall buildings will
also be rooted in the ground, so that in the event of a
lightning strike the current passes harmlessly to ground and
not into the structure of the building, thus saving the
building from damage.

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Earth

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•Electric wiring system in building must comply with few standard norms as per ISI in
order to ensure security and safety. ISI lays some rules while fixing or installing cables
in the wall in order to provide electricity in the entire building. Read out few
specifications provided by ISI to be met by every house wiring system:

•The foremost specification that electric wiring system require is carrying out of wiring
by distributing with main branch distribution boards to other convenient places and
installing non-isolated fuse.
•Make sure that all the conductors are accessible and fitted along with the wall.
•Cable wiring should be avoided from the ceiling.
•Installation of circuit in three wire system or in three different phases must be kept at
maximum distance.
•The entire wiring system and apparatus must be compliment Standard specifications.
•For safety purpose keep the load on circuit minimal.
•In the Power wiring circuit maximum number of points should be 2 and keep the size
of wire 1.5 mm in copper & 2 mm in aluminum.
•Wires fixed horizontally should be at minimum height of 3 m while the height of switch
board must be 1.5 m.
•Standard specification says fuse wire must be connected to phase wire only.
•Connection of neutral wire must be given to neutral link only and in the same way all
the switches should be connected in phase wire.
•The size of Earth wire for light circuit must be 1 mm square in copper and 1.5 mm
square in aluminum.
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Electrical bus way

 Bus ways, also referred to as bus bar trunking

systems, stand out for their ease of
installation, flexibility and number of possible
connection points
 Busbar trunking is intended to distribute
power (from 20 A to 5000 A) and lighting (in
this application, the busbar trunking may play
a dual role of supplying electrical power and
physically holding the lights). 
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