1.

Demonstrate the difference between AC and DC Circuit

Direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) are the are two types
of electric current. The electrons in direct current flow in one
direction. The current produced by a battery is direct current. The
electrons in alternating current flow in one direction, then in the
opposite direction—over and over again. The current supplied to your
home by the local utility is alternating current. The current flow
alternates 120 times per second in the United States. In Europe it
alternates 100 times per second.

In which the direction of the current's flow is reversed, or alternated,

on a regular basis, AC current is a specific type of electric current.
Direct current is no different electrically from alternating current
except for the fact that it flows in the same direction at all times.
Alternating current was chosen early in the 20th century as the North
American standard because it presented fewer risks and promised higher
reliability than competing DC systems of the day. DC is the European
standard.Many of DC's deficiencies were later corrected, but not until a
substantial North American infrastructure had already been developed.

The difference between AC and DC is that AC is an alternating

current (the amount of electrons) that flows in both directions and
DC is direct current that flows in only one direction; the product
that is flowing being electrons. AC power is what fuels our homes.
The wires outside of our house are connected at two ends to AC
generators. DC is found in batteries and solar cells. Both AC and DC
employ magnets to repel electrons. Electrons are negatively charged
particles that are one of 3 components that make up an atom.
Negative charges will repel negative charges and positive charges
will repel positive charges, so one only needs to introduce a
negatively charged item next to electrons to force them to move in
the opposite direction.
Key Differences Between AC and DC

1. Directional Feature: It is one of the key features which differs

AC and DC. DC is a unidirectional type of electric current while AC
is bidirectional electric current.
2. Generation: AC and DC possess different generation procedures and
devices. DC is generated by static magnetic field while AC is
generated with the aid of dynamic magnetic field. Besides, AC is
generated by generators while DC is generated by cell, batteries by
converting the chemical energy of cell or battery into electrical
energy.
3.  Frequency of Signal: The frequency of AC signal varies from 50
Hz to 60 Hz. It is different in different countries. DC signal has
 zero frequency. Frequency is the number of cycles per second. As DC
signal do not cycle varying with time, thus it has zero frequency.
4. Type of Load: Load connected in AC can be capacitive, resistive,
or inductive. On the contrary, the load connected in DC circuit is
always resistive.
5. Power Factor: The power factor of alternating current lies
between 0 to 1 while power factor of DC is 1.
6. Ease of transmission: The AC power can be transferred easily and
efficiently as compared to DC power.
7. Voltage level: The DC voltage is low-level voltage while the AC
voltage is high in magnitude.
8. Storage: AC cannot be stored while DC can be stored in cell or
batteries. We can convert AC into DC using rectifier in our chargers
while we can convert DC into AC using inverters. But the storage of
AC is not possible.

2. Demonstrate the difference between Three phase and Single Phase

Circuit
Key Differences Between Single Phase and Three Phase

1. In single phase supply, the power flows through one conductor

whereas the three phase supply consists three conductors for power
supply.
2. The single phase supply requires two wires (one phase and one
neutral) for completing the circuit. The three phase requires three
phase wires and one neutral wire for completing the circuit.
3. The single phase supplies the voltage up to 230V whereas the
three phase supply carries the voltage up to 415V.
4. The maximum power is transferred through three phases as compared
to single phase supply.
5. The single phase has two wire which makes the network simple
whereas the three phase network is complicated as it consists four
wires.
6. The single phase system has only one phase wire, and if the fault
occurs on the network, then the power supply completely fails. But
in three phase system the network has three phases, and if the fault
occurs on any one of the phases, the other two will continuously
supply the power.
7. The efficiency of the single phase supply is less as compared to
three phase supply. Because the three phase supply requires less
conductor as compared to single phase supply for the equivalent
circuit.
8. The single phase supply requires more maintenance and become
costly as compared to three phase supply.
9. The single phase supply is mostly used in the house and for
running the small loads. The three phase supply is used in large
industries and for running the heavy loads.

3. How is electricity produced through magnetism?

Induction is the "sweeping" of a magnetic field across a
conductor and the generation of electromotive force (EMF) or voltage
in this action. By taking a rotor with many turns of wire on it and
rotating it inside a stator, which has a permanent magnetic field
(either from permanent magnets or, more likely, an electromagnet),
we generate electricity. It's done all the time.

Moving a coil across a magnetic field will produce a current . This is

called electromagnetic induction. The direction of the current depends
on how the coil is moved. The current produced in called the induced
current. Electromagnetic current is key to how a transformers, generator
electric motors and solenoids works.
4.Which is more dangerous, 3phase or single phase? Why?

“Is a 3-phase electric more dangerous than a single phase?

Yes, because three phase devices have more power per size. A device
powered by a three phase motor could drag you into moving parts,
pulling off body parts. Of course a single phase motor could do the
same, but people inexperienced with three phase motors sometimes do
not appreciate the amount of torque a three phase motor develops.

But inherently, three phase power is not more dangerous than single
phase power.

I’ve never heard of anyone being shocked by all three phases. You
would have to step on one phase with your bare foot, then grab the
other two phases with each hand. This would result in having current
flow first between your foot and your left hand, then your foot and
your right hand, and finally between your left and right hand,
repeating 120 times each second.

Which is more efficient, 3 phase or single phase? Why?

Single phase is mostly used for small consumers, like individual

houses - sockets in rooms, heating, etc. 3-phase is used on large-
scale objects like skyscrapers, factories, etc., especially when
electric engines are used (3-phase are ubiquitous and more
economical than 1/2-phase). The bigger your electricity/power needs,
the more economical sense does 3-phase make.

3-phase is only more efficient if you have a balanced 3-phase load.

It does then require less conductor area than the same power
delivered over single phase. But every piece of equipment would need
to be 3 phase to achieve this. For large industrial equipment it is
worth investing in this, but it is not economic to do for lots of
 small pieces that can work equally well on single phase. You would
save on the electrical distribution cost, but at the small scale the
increased costs of connections, switches and controls would outweigh
the saving in copper.
Large office buildings tend to have three phase up to the
distribution boards, but then use single phase to the sockets and
appliances.
There would also be higher voltage at the sockets, which would be a
safety issue. The three phase is at 400v in UK, while single phase
is 220, from the same supply, so more power is delivered for the
same current in the 3 phase section, but at a lower, safer voltage
in the single phase section.

5. Which type of connection delivers more power, series or parallel?

Why?
In general, if the power consumed would depend on the circuit
structure. But for a simple case, such as two resistors connected in
series versus the same resistors connected in parallel (with
identical voltage sources in both), the power dissipated in the
parallel combination will be greater.