Sound Energy

Sound travels on a longitudinal wave:

Notice that sound travels in a spiral form like a slingy

When you speak or shout, your vocal chords
vibrate . These vibrations travel in all directions
through the air as waves. When the waves
reach our ears, they make our eardrums vibrate
too, so we can hear the words.
Sound waves travel on a MEDIUM:
Any SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS

Sound travels by pushing the particles of a

substance. The particles push into the particles
next to them, and then return to their original
position. And the sound continues to travel in
this form until it reaches your ear!
Which state of substance would
sound travel through faster?

WHY?
 Mediums:
Sound travels through a solid faster, than
through a liquid, which is faster, than through a
gas.
– Our ears are custom to hear sound through
a gas…
Compressions and Rarefractions:
Compressions: area of sound waves where
molecules are closer together
Rarefraction: area of sound where
molecules are further apart
 Wavelength:
Wavelength: distance from end of
compression to the end of the next
compression
Air
molecule

Rarefaction (decreased air density)

Stereo
Speaker

Compression (increased air

density)

wavelength
 Frequency:
Frequency: the number of waves produced
per second (C)
Two other properties that affect sound energy:

1.Pitch
2.Intensity
 PITCH
Pitch is the rate at which the vibrations
are produced.
The higher the frequency, the higher the
pitch.

Which picture above would have the lowest pitch? Highest pitch?
The more waves per second (or
the higher the frequency), the
higher the pitch!
 Intensity
Intensity depends on the
strength, or amplitude, of the
vibrations producing the
sound.
PHILIPPINE ETHNIC
MUSICAL
INSTRUMENT
Kubing
Group: Atta
• Classification
• Idiophone, jaw harp
• Description
• Made of bamboo; the instrument is held horizontally with
the bamboo tongue in front of the opened mouth. The left
end is hit by the thumb of the right hand. This makes the
bamboo tongue vibrate which causes a sound. By
strongly breathing in or out the volume can be changed
as well.
• Dimensions: length: 20,8 cm., width: 1 cm.
Kubing
Group:
Maranao
Classification
• Idiophone, jaw harp;
Description
• Made of bamboo; the instrument is held
horizontally with the bamboo tongue in front of
the opened mouth. The left end is hit by the
thumb of the right hand. This makes the bamboo
tongue vibrate which causes a sound.
• length: 23,6 cm. (or. appr. 26 cm.). , width
(widest): 2,4 cm,
(smallest) 1,2 cm.
Hanunoo

Classification
Idiophone, jaw harp
Description
Made of bamboo; the instrument is held
horizontally with the bamboo tongue in front
of the opened mouth. The left end is hit by the
thumb of the right hand. This makes the
bamboo tongue vibrate which causes a
sound.
Dimensions: length: 14,9 cm., width: 0,8 cm.
Palipal
Group: Ifugao
Classification
• Idiophone, bamboo sideview
clapper
Description
• Bamboo tube, one end
open; cut open in the
middle; upper part cut into
two halves. The
instrument is played by
shaking: one half swings
up and down and in the
down swing hits the lower
half. Top view
Tanggunggu
Group: Kalagan

Classification
• Gong chime:
idiophones
Description
• Set of eight small
gongs made of iron,
usually hanging on
a rest of rope.
Kulintang (small)
Group: Maranao
• Classification
• Idiophone, metal xylophone
• Description
• A set of eight iron plates
with boss on a wooden
frame. The plates are tuned
and played as a kulintang.
The set is considered to be a
practice set for children,
although adults also play the
instrument.
• Dimensions: length: 95 cm.,
width: 14 cm. height: 9 cm. The left side of the instrument with
the largest iron plate
 Dadabuan
Group: Maranao
Classification
Membranophone, hour glass
shaped drum
Description
Hour glass shaped drum made
of wood; the membrane is made
of carabao skin. Decorated with
carvings and painted. The drum
is part of the Kulintang
ensemble.
Dimensions: height: 59 cm.
diameter (membrane): 19 cm.
Gandang
Group: Maranao
• Classification
• Membranophone, double
headed cylindrical drum
• Description
• Cylindrical drum, made of
wood with a membrane
made of Carabao skin on
each side. Decorated with
'okiran' motives and
painted. The drum is part
of the Kulintang ensemble.
• Dimensions: height: 34
cm., diameter: 17 cm.
Kudlung
Group: B'laan

the head with the handle for fine

tuning
 Kudyapi
Group: Maranao
• Classification
• Chordophone, two stringed
boat lute
• Description
• Two stringed lute made of
wood, one string for the
melody, one for the
droneThe lute is decorated The head, decorated with floral motives,
'okiran'
with floral motives; the tail
is carved to represent a
stylized crocodile head.
• Dimensions: length: 152
cm., width: 11,5 cm. The tail, decorated with the 'crocodile' motive
 Serongagandi
Group: Maranao
• Classification
• Cither: chordophone
• Description
• Decorated bamboo tube, Top
closed by a node at both
ends. Two strings cut free
and lifted by bamboo sticks
and connected by a wooden
bridge (or 'platform'). The Back
bridge is situated over a hole
which makes the tube a
resonator.
• Length: 41 cm. diameter: 9
cm.

The bridge is placed over a hole

 Kudlung
Group: Bagobo
• Ho

The tail with the two

(originally three) piece soft
carabao skin
 Kolitong
Classification Group: Kalingga
• Chordophone, idiochord tube
zither
Description
• Bamboo tube, closed at both
end by a node. In both nodes a
star shaped opening is cut. Five
strings are cut loose from the
skin, and lifted and tuned with
small pieces of wood. The tube
is cracked and slightly opened
to improve resonance.
• Dimensions: length: 80 cm.
diameter: 11,5 cm.
 Kalleleng
Group: Bontoc
Classification
• Aerophone, vertical flute,
nose flute
Description
• Long bamboo tubes, closed
at one end by the node in
which the blowing hole is
burnt. The flute has three
finger holes
• Dimensions (from top to
bottom):
- flute 1: length: 71 cm.,
diameter: 2 cm.
- flute 2: length: 51,5 cm.,
diameter: 2 cm.
Palandag
Group:
Bagobo

Classification
• Aerophone, lip valley flute (notch flute)
Description
• Two by two fingerholes. Protruding mouthpiece
with a hole. The instrument is decorated with
carvings blackened by burning.
• Dimensions: length: 18,6 cm, diameter 1,2 cm.
Paldong
Group:
Kalingga
Classification
• Aerophone, lip valley
flute (notch flute)
Description
• Open bamboo pipe,
top end cut at an
angle. Three by one The mouthpiece, the one on the left is the Paldong
fingerholes.
• Dimensions: length:
69,2 cm, diameter
1,6 cm.
1. A teacher attaches a slinky to the wall and begins
introducing pulses with different amplitudes. Which of
the two pulses (A or B) below will travel from the hand
to the wall in the least amount of time? Justify your
answer.

They reach the wall at the same time

2. The teacher then begins introducing pulses with a
different wavelength. Which of the two pulses (C or D)
will travel from the hand to the wall in the least amount
of time ? Justify your answer.

They reach the wall at the same time.

3. Doubling the frequency of a wave
source doubles the speed of the waves.
TRUE or FALSE:

FALSE!
The speed of a wave is unaffected by changes in the
frequency. It is affected by the medium!
4. Label the three pictures below with the following:
a. highest pitch (HP)
b. middle pitch (MP)
c. lowest pitch (LP)

LP MP HP
SOUND

AND

TEMPERATURE
Calculating speed and
temperature
affecting SOUND
where:
v = speed of sound in m/s
T = temperature in °C
 Let’s Practice
1. What is the speed of sound in a room with a
temperature of 20 °C?
2. Dagupan City sets new 2021 hottest recorded
daytime temperature with 53°C heat index on
May 14. What was the speed of sound on that
day?
3. What is the temperature of air if the speed of
sound is 349m/s?