Female Reproductive

Disorders Cont’d
ADULT NURSING II
OBJECTIVES
• Define endometriosis
• Discuss the pathophysiology of endometriosis
• Identify nursing management of endometriosis
Endometriosis
• It is a condition where tissue similar to the lining
of the womb starts to grow in other places, such
as the ovaries and fallopian tubes. 

(NHS, 2020)
Endometriosis
• Pathophysiology and Etiology: Not
clearly understood
• Ectopic tissue responds to hormones
• Result in adhesions, sterility

4
Endometriosis
Endometriosis

• Assessment Findings: Severe dysmenorrhea;

Copious menstrual bleeding; Chocolate cyst
formation
• Medical, Surgical Management: Natural or
surgical menopause; Cyst removal
Endometriosis
• Nursing Management-
• Teaching patient how to manage symptoms,
• Support- The Barbados Association of
Endometriosis and PCOS

http://endoandpcosbb.com/
 Male Reproductive
Disorders-
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Adult Nursing II
OBJECTIVES
• Review the A&P of the male reproductive system
• Define Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Male Reproductive Anatomy, Physiology
• Male reproductive system consist of primary and
secondary organs.
• Primary (or essential) organs - The main responsibility of
the gonads is secretion of hormones and production of
gametes.
• Secondary (accessory) organs- Secondary (or accessory)
organs are responsible for transporting and nourishing the
sperm.

10
A & P of the Male Reproductive System
 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a benign

enlargement of the prostate gland.

12
Etiology

• Unknown, some believe it is the results from

hormonal changes associated with the aging
process accumulation of dihydroxytestosterone
(DHT) in the prostate cells.

• Another possible cause is an increased proportion

of estrogen (as compared to testosterone) in the
blood.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• Risk factors
• Aging,
• Obesity (in particular increased waist circumference),
• Lack of physical activity,
• Alcohol consumption,
• Erectile dysfunction,
• Smoking, and
• Diabetes
• A positive family history of BPH in first-degree relatives may
also be a risk factor.
14
 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

• Typically BPH develops in the inner part of the prostate. (Prostate

cancer is most likely to develop in the outer part.) This
enlargement gradually compresses the urethra, eventually leading
to partial or complete obstruction. The compression of the urethra
ultimately leads to the development of clinical symptoms.

15
BPH- ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
• Signs and Symptoms
• Gradual onset; Difficulty urinating, emptying bladder; Nocturia;
Urgency

• Irritative symptoms, which include nocturia, urinary

frequency, urgency, dysuria, bladder pain, and incontinence,
are associated with inflammation or infection. Nocturia is
often the first symptom that the patient notices. 5

16
BPH- ASSESSMENT FINDINGS

• Obstructive symptoms caused by prostate enlargement

include a decrease in the calliber and force of the urinary
stream, difficulty in initiating voiding, intermittency (stopping
and starting stream several times while voiding), and
dribbling at the end of urination. These symptoms are due to
urinary retention.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Complications
• Acute urinary retention – sudden painful inability to urinate
• Urinary tract infection with possible sepsis
• Incomplete bladder emptying (bacterial growth)
• Bladder stones
• Renal failure caused by hydronephrosis (distention of pelvis and calyces of
kidney by urine that cannot flow through the ureter to the bladder),
pyelonephritis, and bladder damage if treatment for acute urinary retention
is delayed.
18
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• Medical Management
• Monitoring with Digital Rectal Exams (DREs)
• Drug therapy (combination therapy)
• α-Adrenergic receptor blockers
• 5α-Reductase inhibitors

• Side effects - increased risk of orthostatic hypotension with

concomitant use of erectile dysfunction drugs. Risk for male fetus
(anomaly) in pregnant female partners.

19
20