Department of

Computer Engineering

Chapter -1 Introduction to computer

Unit no – 1
organization Unit title –
Introduction to
computer organization

Mittal Joiser
Teaching
Scheme
  Computer Introduction and its Classification
 Basic Computer System-Input, Output Peripherals
 Power System of Computing-Power in Socket
 Power Out socket ,
 Male –Female Connectors ,
Content  Power Supply Fan Outlet
 Motherboard-CPU,
 Memory,
 Expansion Slots to Connect Peripherals ,
 Bus System and BIOS
 Configuring OS-Installation of Single OS, Dual OS Installation
What is
Computer ?
 It is an electronic processing device

Addition  which accept data from outside world in the form of

input,
a = 4 = 0100  Manipulate it, calculate it on basis of instruction stored
b = 5 = 0011 in it.
c = a+ b  Produce the output by storing it to the device memory.
c=9
0 or 1 + *
  Hardware:- The physical component of devices which is
operated through command or instruction is called
hardware.
e.g Input devices, Output device etc.
Concept of Software :- It is a set of specific instruction that gives
Hardware & direction to computer to perform certain specific or
desired operations.
Software OR
Software: - It is logical component of device which stores
a set of instruction to operate for specific task.
e.g. compiler, OS, assembler etc.
Classification  Software is classified in to two categories:-
of Software 1) System Software 2) Application Software
System
Software
 System software is not only required for computer
operation but also for computer hardware to work.
DOS  It is machine independent.
GUI  Every computer device must have at least one system
Syntax software.
bug – error  E.g Operating System, Compiler, Linker, Loader etc.
debug – solve
error
  Application software is a set of modules or programs
written in specific computer application.
Application  It can be install in computer device as per user’s choice
Software not compulsory for all.
 E.g. payroll system, inventory, attendance module etc
Categories of  Application Software is categorizes in to two:-
Application 1) General Purpose 2) Special Purpose
Software
  Firmware is a software used to describe certain program
that are stored in EPROM(Electrically Programmable
Read Only Memory).
 Eg. Initiating and booting the system are stored in
What is EPROM.
Firmware  Speed of operation in firmware is to fast and quick.
 It is cost effective tool.
 Content and program are not erased on EPROM even
when the electric power is turn off.
  1st Generation computer (1946-1955).
 First programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital
Generation of computer.
Computer  ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
 Solve "a large class of numerical problems"
ENIAC
  Occupies more space due to vacuum tube.
Limitation 1st  Consumer more power.
Generation  Have restricted memory space.
Computer  Costly.
 Have slow speed.
  2nd Generation Computer(1956-1965)
 After inventions of transistors.
 Occupies less space.
 Cheaper
2nd Generation  Faster as compare to 1st G.
Computer  More reliable
 Magnetic core is used in memory.
 Developed languages (COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL
etc.)
2nd Generation
Computer
  3rd Generation computer(1965-1971)
 Used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
 single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
3rd Generation along with the associated circuitry.
 Smaller in size.
Computer
 More reliable.
 Efficient.
3rd Generation
Computer
  4th Generation computer(1976-
1999).
 Used Very Large Scale Integrated
4th Generation (VLSI) circuits.
Computer  Having about 5000 transistors.
bus  Circuit elements with their
1) address associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have
2) data microcomputers.
3) control  Low cost.
 High speed.
 More Space.
4th Generation
Computer
  5th Generation
computer(2000-onwards).
 VLSI technology became
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology.
5th Generation  Microprocessor chips
Computer having ten million
electronic components.
 5th generation is based on
parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software.
5th Generation
Computer
Summary of
Generations
Block diagram
of Computer

---unidirect.
bidirect OR

Arithmetic
Logic
Unit
  Arithmetic operations:- +- Add, -
Subtract, / Division, * multiplication,
%-modulo. 5+5, 10/2, 50-17 – decimal
 0-0000
ALU  1-0001
 2-0010
 3-0111
 4-0100
  Logic unit:- &&-AND, ||-OR, !-NOT
Logic Gates  * + NEGATE

0 – Low/off 2 && 4 – 0 0 1 0 0-1

1- high/ on 0100 1-0
0 0 0 0
  Bus Architecture:- 3 Types of buses
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
Control unit  Control Bus

 0 1 01 1 1 1 11 1 10 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0
  A piece of equipment/hardware which help us
Input Devices enter data into a computer is called an input
device. For example keyboard, mouse, etc. 
  Keyboard
 A simple device comprising keys and each key denotes
either an alphabet, number or number commands which can
be given to a computer for various actions to be performed
 It has a modified version of typewriter keys
 The keyboard is an essential input device and computer and
laptops both use keyboards to give commands to the
Input Devices computer
  Mouse
 It is also known as a pointing device
 Using mouse we can directly click on the
various icons present on the system and
open up various files and programs
 A mouse comprises 3 buttons on the top and
Input Devices one trackball at the bottom which helps in
selecting and moving the mouse around,
respectively
 In case of laptops, the touchpad is given as a
replacement of mouse which helps in the
movement of the mouse pointer
  Joy Stick
 It is a device which comprises a stick
which is attached at an angle to the
base, so that it can be moved and
controlled
 Mostly used to control the movement
Input Devices in video games
 Apart from computer system, a
joystick is also used in the cockpit of an
aeroplane, wheel chairs, cranes, trucks,
etc. to operate them well
  Light Pen
 It is wand-like looking device
which can directly be moved over
the device’s screen
Input Devices  It is light sensitive
 Used in conjunction with
computer’s cathode ray tube
  Microphone
 Using a microphone, sound can be
stored in a device in its digital form
 It converts sound into electrical signal
Input Devices  To record or reproduce a sound
created using a microphone, it needs
to be connected with an amplifier
   A piece of equipment/hardware which gives
out the result of the entered input, once it is
Output processed (i.e. converts data from machine
Devices language to a human-understandable
language), is called an output device. For
example printer, monitor, etc.
  Monitor
 The device which displays all the icons, text, images, etc.
over a screen is called the Monitor
 When we ask the computer to perform an action, the result
of that action is displayed on the monitor
 Various types of monitors have also been developed over
the years
Output
Devices
  Printer
 A device which makes a copy of
the pictorial or textual content,
usually over a paper is called a
printer
 For example, an author types
Output the entire book on his/her
Devices computer and later gets a print
out of it which is in the form of
paper and is later published
 Multiple types of printers are
also available in the market,
which can serve different
purposes
  Speakers
 A device through which we can listen to
a sound as an outcome of what we
command a computer to do is called a
speaker
 Speakers are attached with a computer
Output system and also are a hardware device
Devices which can be attached separately
 With the advancement in technology,
speakers are now available which are
wireless and can be connected using
bluetooth or other applications
  Projector
 An optical device which presents an
image or moving images onto a
projection screen is called a projector
 Most commonly these projectors are
used in auditoriums and movie
Output theatres for display of the videos or
Devices lightening
 If a projector is connected to a
computer, then the image/video
displayed on the screen is the same as
the one displayed on the computer
screen
  Headphones
 They perform the same function as a speaker, the only
difference is the frequency of sound
Output  Using speakers, the sound can be heard over a larger
Devices area and using headphones, the sound is only audible
to the person using them
 Also known as earphones or headset
Motherboard
  Peripheral Component
PCI Interconnect, or PCI, is the most
common way to attach add-on
controller cards and other devices
to a computer motherboard. This
SCSI type of connector originated in the
early 1990s, and is still in use today.
Presently, there are three
NIC main PCI motherboard connectors
(usually referred to as "slots".)
  BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's
microprocessor uses to start the computer system after it is
powered on. It also manages data flow between the computer's
operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard
disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.

BIOS
  CMOS stands for “Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor.” The CMOS battery powers the BIOS firmware in
your laptop. BIOS needs to remain operational even when your
computer isn't plugged into a power source. When your computer
gets unplugged, BIOS relies on the CMOS battery for power.

CMOS
  AMR (Audio/Modem Riser) is a specification developed by Intel
for packaging the analog I/O audio functions of modem circuitry
together with a codec chip (which converts back and forth from
analog to digital) on a small board that plugs directly into
a computer's motherboard .

AMR/AGP/  The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) was designed as a high-

speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to
ATX a computer system, primarily to assist in the acceleration of
3D computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to
PCI-type connections for video cards.
 ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) is a motherboard and
power supply configuration specification developed by Intel in
1995 to improve on previous de facto standards like the AT design.
SMPS
(Switch Mode  A switched-mode power
supply (SMPS) is an
Power Supply) electronic circuit that
converts power using
240AC switching devices that are
turned on and off at high
frequencies, and storage
DC components such as
HDD-5DCv inductors or capacitors to
supply power when the
CD-5DCv switching device is in its
PS- 10DCv non-conduction state.
  A male connector is commonly referred to as a plug
and has a solid pin for a center conductor. A female
connector is commonly referred to as a jack and has a
center conductor with a hole in it to accept
the male pin.
Male/Female
Connector
END OF CHAPTER