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Principles of
the WCDMA System
www.huawei.com
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time
Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Broadband
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
Received signal
Current path weight
Channel analog
Channel analog
Channel analog
Static channel
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
nc
y are allocated to different users, for
e
Tim qu example, DAMPS and GSM
FDMA e Fre
Us
e
Us ser r
U
Power Us er
Us er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
er y are allocated to different users,for example,
enc
Tim u
eq AMPS and TACS
e Fr
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
− The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps).
In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.
Channel RF
Source
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Radio link
Channel
Source deinterleaving RF
decoding and De-spreading De-scrambling Demodulation
decoding reception
de-interleaving
Channel
Source RF
coding and
Interleaving Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding interleaving transmission
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving
Ist interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
Self-correlation function
R(τ) =<x1(t) , x1(t+τ) >
Mutual-correlation function
V(τ) =<x1(t) , x2(t+τ) >
Channel RF
Source Interleaving Scrambling
coding and Spreading Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
UE1: +1 -1 1
_____________
UE2: -1 +1
c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1: +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1
UE2xc2: -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1×c1 + UE2×c2 : 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0
+2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
De-spreading result: 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +4 -4
Decision: +4/4 = +1 -4/4 = -1
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self
interference come from?
Comes from the code error during the transfer.
If there are some code error on one user’s information, it
misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.
C2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Result: 2 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -2 +4
Decision: -2/4=-0.5 +4/4=1
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving
The gold sequence is used to differentiate the cells and users in the
WCDMA system owing to its good self correlation.
Good self correlation determines the weak mutual correlation among the
segmented sequences, and thus can be used to differentiate users and
realize the multiple access function.
a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
Allowed maximum interference threshold
level of the system
Interference
signals from
other users
Echip
f
Broadband signal P (f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination Noise + broadband signal
P (f)
f
Spreading code f
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Adopts AMR voice coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75
Kbps to 12.2 Kbps.
Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve
capacity.
Provides high-fidelity voice modes.
Supports fast power control.