OBJECTIVE

LENSES, OCULAR
LENSES &
MICROMETRY
Reporter:
KAREN E. DELLOSA
BSED- 4A
OBJECTIVE LENSES
 Consist of several lenses to magnify an object and project
a larger image.
 According to the difference of the focal distance, lenses of
different magnifications are available, such as 4x, 10x,
40x, and 50x.
ABERRATION
 A defect in a focusing mechanism that prevents the
intended focal point
 A problem associated in lens
CHROMATIC ABERRATION
 Also known as “color fringing” or “purple fringing”
 A common optical problem that occurs when a lens is
either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same
focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused
at different positions in the focal plane.
CURVATURE ABERRATION
 Also known as “curvature of field” or “Petzval field
curvature”
 A common optical problem that causes a flat object to
appear sharp only in a certain part(s) of the frame, instead
of being uniformly sharp across the frame
DEVELOPED LENSES TO
PREVENT COLOR
ABERRATION
Achromatic lens
 Semi-apochromatic lens (fluorite lens)
Apochromatic lens
Plan lens
Immersion lens
Achromatic Lens
PLAN LENS

Water Immersion
Oil Immersion
OCULAR LENS
 A lens to be mounted on the observer’s side
 An ocular lens consists of one to three lenses and is also
provided with a mechanism, called a field stop, that
removes unnecessary reflected light and aberration.
 Different types are available according to the
magnification they provide, such as 7x and 15x.
LENSES AVAILABLE ACCORDING TO THE
STRUCTURE OF THE FIELD STOP OR
APPLICATION
 Huygens lens
 Ramsden lens
 Periplan lens
 Compensation lens
 Wide-field lens
 Super-field lens
WIDE-FIELD LENS
MICROMETRY
A practice of measuring linear, area, and
volume specimen dimensions with the
microscope
The first reported measurements performed
with an optical microscope were undertaken in
the late 1600s by the Dutch scientist Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek, who used fine grains of
sand as a gauge to determine the size of human
erythrocytes
STAGE MICROMETERS
Micrometers commonly have a graduated scale either one or two millimeters
in length, subdivided into units that are one-tenth millimeter in length (100
micrometer units). Each 100 micrometer unit is further subdivided into ten
equal sections, resulting in the smallest graduation representing ten
micrometers.
EYEPIECE RETICLES AND
SPECIALIZED STAGE
MICROMETERS
The simple crossline reticle is often employed
as a location mark for measuring large
specimens with a graduated mechanical stage.
This type of reticle is also commonly found in
microscopes equipped for crossed polarized
illumination to assist the observer in
determining the orientation of birefringent
specimens in relation to the vibration axes of
the polarizers.
The graduated mechanical stage
is translated in either
the x or y direction until the
opposite edge coincides with the
reference line, and the size of
the feature determined by
examining the scale on the
mechanical stage.
GRADUATED MECHANICAL
STAGE IN THE MICROSCOPE
Horizontal and vertical reticle
scales are manufactured in a
wide spectrum of configurations
to suit any linear measurement
requirement. Graduated
horizontal scales are the most
common, and usually consist of a
10-millimeter scale subdivided
into 8, 10 or 100 divisions.
Crossed micrometer scale reticles
are employed for two-dimensional
linear measurements, or for
convenience when separate
measurements are taken in a vertical
and horizontal direction.
Reticles designed to assist in the analysis of particles and fibers often contain
grid squares, globes, concentric circles, and protractors.
SQUARE AND GRID RETICLES
Square and grid reticles are
employed in the systematic
measurement of small feature
size or to count microbes,
blood cells, and small
particles.
One of the most common
counting applications requires
a Miller reticle, which
enables the operator to
determine the number of
particles in one of the smaller
squares, then multiply the
result to calculate the total
number of particles contained
within the reticle boundaries.
Whipple reticles are similar in
design to the Miller reticle, but
are intended to enable the
measurement of smaller
specimen features (pigment
dispersions, colloidal particles,
dust, and bacteria).
Finder reticles are
utilized for locating a
region of interest on a
specimen, while
counting chambers are
designed to enable
particle and cell counts
in a specific volume of
liquid.
Counting chambers are
widely employed for
counting blood cells and
spermatozoa, and consist
of a thick glass slide
having a central polished
and ruled platform.
The most common
type of counting
chamber, which is
designed for counting
blood cells, is known
as a hemocytometer.
FILAR EYEPIECE
MICROMETER This specialized eyepiece
micrometer utilizes the same
principle as a standard
eyepiece and reticle
combination, but features a
moveable line rule (or line
rule group) in addition to a
fixed or mobile graduated
scale positioned in the focal
plane.
DETERMINING THE SIZE OF
AN INDIVIDUAL SPECIMEN
 First, calibrate the ocular micrometer or the eyepiece
reticle using the formula:

x 1000

 1 division of stage micrometer = 0.01 mm

* sm = stage micrometer; om = ocular micrometer

Example
 0.01mm stage micrometer
stage micrometer = 1 division to 7 divisions on the ocular
micrometer
 Step 1:  [(1)(.01)/(7)][1000]
 Step 2:  (.01/7)(1000)
 Step 3:  (.0014)(1000)
 Equals:  1.4µm per ocular division
Second, determine the size of the specimen using
the formula:

Total specimen length (x) = (length of one division of

the ocular micrometer)(number divisions counted as
length of an individual specimen)
 Problem:
Each division of the ocular micrometer is equal to 1.4µm. 
You counted 5 divisions of the ocular micrometer as the
length of an individual specimen.  How long is this
specimen?
 Step 1:  x = (1.4µm)(5 divisions)
 Step 2:  x = 7µm
EXAMPLE:
 Given:
2 divisions of stage micrometer : 10 divisions of ocular micrometer
 Find: size of each ocular division
= x 1000
= x 1000
= 2 μm
 You counted 8 divisions of the ocular micrometer as the
length of specimen
 Find: Size of the specimen
= (length of one division of the ocular micrometer)
(number divisions counted as length of an individual
specimen)
= (2 μm) (8 divisions)
= 16 μm

The size of the specimen is 16 μm

 Given:
1 divisions of stage micrometer : 6 divisions of ocular
micrometer
3 divisions of the ocular micrometer as the length of
specimen
 Find: Size of each ocular division and the Size of the
specimen

 The answers are 1.7 μm per ocular division and the size of
the specimen is 5.1 μm.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!