性暴力

Sexual Violence

CHEN, Ji-Kang ( 陳季康 ) MSW, PhD,RSW

Associate Professor
Department of Social Work
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
World Health Organization Definition
Sexual Violence

any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or
advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality
using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any
setting, including but not limited to home and work.

以暴力或脅迫等手段，企圖強迫他人跟自身發生任何形式的性關係、性騷擾、
性挑逗，以及販運自身予他人等行為，不論當事人之間的關係為何，且可以
發生在任何場所，包括但不限於職場或家庭。
 Types of Sexual Violence
• Sexual assault( 性侵害 )
• Rape ( 強暴 )
• Sexual harassment ( 性騷擾 )
• illegal sexual trading ( 非法性交易 )
• forced marriage or cohabitation ( 強迫同居或婚姻 )
• denial of the right to use contraception or to adopt other measures to protect against sexually transmitted
diseases ( 脅迫不使用性保護措施 )
• forced abortion ( 強迫墮胎 )
• violent acts against the sexual integrity, including female genital mutilation and obligatory inspections for
virginity ( 強迫切割女性生殖器官和強制檢查童貞 )
• forced prostitution and trafficking of people for the purpose of sexual exploitation ( 強迫性剝削、人口販
運)
 Sexual assault is the most common

Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that person‘s
consent, or coerces, or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will. ( 強調違反
性自主權或個人意願 )

• Rape ( 強暴 ): Sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person
without that person's consent.

• Sexual harassment ( 性騷擾 ): Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other
verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when submission to or
rejection of this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably
interferes with an individual's work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive work
environment
Statistics of Sexual Assault in HK and TW

• HK 風雨蘭報告 : https://rainlily.org.hk/chi/retro

• TW 臺灣性侵害事件統計 ( 衛福部 ): https://assault-vdata.vercel.app/

• USA: https://www.nsvrc.org/statistics
Risk Factors associated with rapes
 Common impacts of sexual assault and rape

• Physical

• Mental/psychological

• Emotional

• Social/interpersonal

• Others
 Common effects: Physical

• Bruising
• Bleeding (vaginal or anal)
• Difficulty walking
• Soreness
• Broken or dislocated bones
• Sexually transmitted infections and diseases
• Pregnancy
 Common effects: Mental

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including flashbacks,

nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts
• Depression, including prolonged sadness, feelings of hopelessness,
unexplained crying, weight loss or gain, loss of energy or interest in
activities previously enjoyed
• Suicidal thoughts or attempts.
• Dissociation, including not being able to focus on work or on
schoolwork, as well as not feeling present in everyday situations
Common effects: Emotional

• Changes in trusting others

• Anger and blame
• Shock
• Numbness
• Loss of control
• Disorientation
• Helplessness
• Sense of vulnerability
• Fear
• Self-blame/guilt for “allowing” the crime to happen
• Feeling that these reactions are a sign of weakness
 Common effects: Interpersonal

• Less trusting of others

• Commitment issues
• Greater family and personal conflict
• Isolation
• Fear of intimacy
• Marital dissatisfaction
• Less stable relationships with partners
• Marital conflict
 Others

• Other circumstances can develop for a survivor after being sexual assaulted or
raped. A survivor may develop a negative outlook and feel “damaged”
or unworthy of a better life. Drug or alcohol abuse may also become an
issue as a way to cope with the overwhelming feelings. Women may also
have trouble with their menstrual cycle and fertility. In addition, survivors
may experience:
• Chronic fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Muscle tension
• Involuntary shaking
• Changes in eating and sleeping patterns
• Sexual dysfunction
 Traumatic reactions after sexual assault and rape

性侵受害者在事發當下是非常困惑的，就像一般人在遭遇危機
當下通常會出現三種反應，第一種是「 fight 」反抗、第二種是
「 flight 」逃跑， 但更多的人會出現「 freeze 」，這三種反應
都是人類演化過程中留下的來生存本能。

• Short-term: Rape Trauma Syndrome 性侵害創傷症

• Long term: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 創傷後壓力症

 Rape Trauma Syndrome 性侵害創傷症

屬於被性侵後幾天至幾星期內的急性或失序階段，受害者會
缺乏安全感與信任感，害怕男人或害怕性行為，有強烈的憂
鬱與自殺傾向，恐懼司法，並且抱持羞愧與罪惡感、自責心
理，例如覺得自己很沒用、或是讓家庭蒙羞。

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-rape-trauma-syndrome-5199374
 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
創傷後壓力症

進行長期重整的階段，可持續數月至數年，有些人在發展自我調適的過
程中會出現酗酒或藥物依賴等狀況。受害者逃避、或認知扭曲、產生負
面情緒的反應，可能影響到他的生活與人際關係，持續惡夢、過度敏感
驚嚇、或是不斷自殘的狀態也有，更嚴重的會因為身心失調而出現病症，
或者出現解離症狀。

https://www.verywellmind.com/symptoms-of-ptsd-after-a-rape-2797203
 Support is one of the most important factor to
survivors
• 完美被害人 (perfect victims)? 二次傷害 (secondary trauma)? 循序漸進的侵犯
過程，讓受害者困惑而難以拒絕

• 別再責備被害者做了什麼或沒做什麼 (No blaming)

• 傾聽、包容的態度來認真對待被害人 (Always listening, no judgement)

• 給予支持與鼓勵，協助他們尋求專業協助 (support and encourage)

• https://rainlily.org.hk/chi/supporterinfo
How about sexual violence offenders?
 Restorative Justice ( 修復式正義 )

• 是一種伸張正義的方法，組織受害者和罪犯之間的會面。經過專業社工或專家引導，
目標是讓他們分享他們對發生的事情的經驗，討論誰受到了犯罪的傷害以及如何受
到傷害，並就犯罪者可以做些什麼來修復犯罪造成的傷害達成共識。這可能包括犯
罪者向受害者支付的款項、道歉和其他補償，以及其他補償受影響者並防止犯罪者
造成未來傷害的行動。
• an approach to justice where one of the responses to a crime is to organize a meeting
between the victim and the offender, sometimes with representatives of the wider
community. The goal is for them to share their experience of what happened, to discuss
who was harmed by the crime and how, and to create a consensus for what the offender
can do to repair the harm from the offense. This may include a payment of money given
from the offender to the victim, apologies and other amends, and other actions to
compensate those affected and to prevent the offender from causing future harm.
 Issues and Limitation
• Too difficult to apply to sexual assault cases

• Sexual violence victims suffered from long-term trauma.

• Both victim and offender can be hesitant to engage in victim–offender dialogue later in the
criminal justice process.

• Successful cases: Few.

• What about the child sexual assault by strangers who perpetrated many times? ( 對於性
侵害累犯或陌生人對兒童性侵該如何 ?)
Previous policy and intervention : Perpetrators
過去性侵害加害者的政策與處遇

Castration ( 閹割、去勢 )

Death Penalty ( 死刑 )

Prison ( 監禁 )

Psycho-therapies ( 心理治療 )

But the effectiveness is very poor.

 Megan Law ( 梅根法案 )

• 1994 年 7 月 29 日，美國紐澤西州一個女童梅根遭有性侵害前科的男
子傑西性侵並被殺害。受害者的父母不知道犯案者搬到他們居住的地
方，因此催生此法案。
• 1996 年，美國總統 Bill Clinton 簽署法案更進一步推動全國性的性侵犯
罪者資料庫。
• Laws were created in response to the murder of Megan Kanka.
• a sex offender with two previous convictions of sex crimes against
small children living across the street from Megan, her parents Richard and
Maureen Kanka worked to change the law by demanding mandatory
community notification of sex offenders.
 Megan Law ( 梅根法案 )

• 法案規定美國各州必須建立性罪犯和騷擾兒童罪犯的檔案，
並規定各州必須知會有性侵前科者入住的社區，將有性侵兒
童前科者的個人資料公開在網路上，供民眾查詢及事先採取
保護措施 (sex offender registry for law enforcement, and
community notification for the public)
 Jessica Lunsford Act ( 潔西卡法案 )

• 2005 年 2 月，美國佛羅里達州一位名叫 Jessica Lunsford 的 9 歲小女孩

遭對街鄰居 John Couey （有性侵罪前科）性侵並殺害。依《梅根法
案》，性侵犯出獄後必須隨時向警方登記最新的住處，但 Couey 違反
了這規定，以致警方和社區在案發前不知道他的行蹤。這引起了該州
尤其是家裡有兒童的父母之驚慌，因而誕生了 2005 年第 1877 號議案，
即《潔西卡法案》，並迅速於同年通過。
• The law is named after Jessica Lunsford, a young Florida girl who was
kidnapped, raped, and murdered in February 2005 by John Couey, a
previously convicted sex offender. Public outrage over this case spurred
Florida officials to introduce this legislation.
 Jessica Lunsford Act ( 潔西卡法案 )

• 此法案的目的在於防止兒童性侵犯出獄後再度犯兒童性侵罪，主要運
用的措施有三：初犯大幅提高刑度、出獄後的社區監控、以及全球定
位追蹤系統與電子腳鐐。

•  Among the key provisions of the law was classifying lewd or lascivious
molestation on a person under the age of 12 as a life felony, and a
mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison and lifetime electronic
monitoring of persons 18 and older convicted of lewd or lascivious
molestation against a victim less than 12 years old. Sex offenders would
have been required to wear Global Positioning System devices on their
ankles for five years following their release from prison, or for life.
 Sarah’s law

• UK, 2008

• It allows parents, carers or guardians to formally ask the

police for information about a person who has contact
with their child, or a child close to them, if they’re
concerned the person may pose a risk.
 臺灣白玫瑰運動
White Rose Movement, Taiwan

• Sep. 25, 2010.

• Two rape cases against children under age of 8.

• Advocate Taiwan Version of Megan’s Law + Jessica’s Act

臺灣版最後立法結果 ( 于嘉法案 )
• 只通過部分

• 建立全國性侵犯的檔案資料，除現行的指紋、ＤＮＡ，還須記錄姓名、
性別、出生日期、身分證字號、住居所、相片及犯罪資料等；但除非
法律有規定，不得對外公布。

• 針對性侵犯的追蹤，可對其進行科技設備監控 ( 電子腳鐐、定位等 )

• 強制治療 : 將未成年性侵犯、性觸摸犯都納入

• 研議化學去勢 ( 但後來不考慮 )
 電子腳鐐揭密！　性侵假釋逾 99% 沒再犯　

• https://tw.appledaily.com/local/20200123/EZVMCPYVFTTUYINBDHBJ
LCFOMM/
「性侵犯憑什麼主張人權？」強制治療合憲的兩大伏筆

• https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/121734/5346062