2.

1 Cell Structure and

Function
Cells as a factory analogy
Animal Cells
 Vacuole Lysosome Nucleolus

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Ribosome

Centriole

Cytoplasm Vesicle

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

rough
plasma Golgi
endoplasmic
membrane reticulum apparatus
 Mitochondrion
(Plural: Mitochondria)
• rod-shaped or spherical
• consists of two layers of membranes,
which are the smooth outer membrane and
folded inner membrane
• Contains enzymes that play a role in
cellular respiration
Function:
• A site that generates energy through the glucose
oxidation process during cellular respiration
• Energy released in the form of ATP molecules
(adenosine triphosphate) to be used by the cells
 Centriole

• Small cylindrical components that exist in

pairs in animal cells FUNCTION:
• Made up of complex arrangement of • Forms spindle fibre during cell division
microtubules in animal cells
• Does not exist in plant cells

• Consists of a stack of parallel
flattened sacs that are coated by a
single cell membrane
• New membrane is added at one end
of the Golgi apparatus and vesicles
bud off from the other end.
Golgi
Apparatus
FUNCTION
• Processes, modifies, packs and
transports chemicals such as protein,
carbohydrate and glycoprotein
(combination of carbohydrate and
protein)
 plasma membrane

FUNCTION:
• Outer membrane that surrounds
• Separates content of cell from the external
the entire content of cell
environment
• Made of proteins and
• Controls movement of substances into and out of the
phospholipids
cell
• Thin and elastic film
• Allows exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and
• Partially permeable
waste materials between cells and their surroundings
Lysosome
• Small spherical sac enclosed in a
single membrane
• Contains hydrolytic enzymes
FUNCTION:
• Hydrolyses complex organic molecules
such as protein, nucleic acid and lipid
• Breaks down bacteria and components
of damaged cells

• Largest component in the cell
• Spherical, compressed and
enclosed in a nuclear membrane
with many pores
• The nucleus contains
chromosomes, nucleolus and
nucleoplasm.
nucleus (plural:
nuclei)
FUNCTION:
• Controls all cell activities
• Has chromosomes that contain
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
DNA determines the cell
characteristics and metabolic
function.
 Ribosome

• Small, compact and spherical granules

• Consists of protein and ribonucleic acid
FUNCTION:
(RNA)
• Ribosomes are present on the surface of the
• Site for protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum or exist freely
in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum

smooth rough
endoplasmic endoplasmic
reticulum reticulum

• Consists of a system of interconnected FUNCTION

folded flattened sacs • The transport system within the cell
• Endoplasmic reticulum membrane is • Provides a wide surface for enzyme
continuous with the nuclear membrane. attachment and biochemical reactions
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

FUNCTION
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has • The rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes attached to the surface transports proteins synthesised by
ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

FUNCTION
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does • synthesises and transports glycerol and lipids
not have ribosomes • carries out the detoxification of drugs and
metabolic by-products
 Cytoplasm

• Consists of a jelly-like medium that contains

components of the suspended cells FUNCTION:
• Contains organic compounds (such as protein, • Acts as a medium for biochemical
lipid and carbohydrate) and inorganic reactions in cells
compounds (such as potassium ions)
A
D
Plant cell
 cell wall

FUNCTION:
• A strong and rigid outer layer
• Maintains the shape of plant cells
• Made from cellulose fibre
• Provides mechanical support to plant
• Fully permeable
cells
 Vacuole

• Liquid-filled sac, which is the cell sap

• surrounded by the tonoplast membrane
FUNCTION:
• Young plant cells have many small vacuoles while mature
• Water is absorbed into the vacuole plant cell
plant cells have a large vacuole.
and the cell becomes turgid.
• The vacuole in animal cells is small.
• In unicellular animals, the vacuole contracts
• Cell sap contains water, organic acids, sugars, amino
during osmoregulation, osmosis and excretion.
acids, enzymes, mineral salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide and
metabolic by-products.
Chloroplast

FUNCTION:
• Oval shaped
• Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and
• Consists of two layers of membrane
converts it to chemical energy during
• Contains chlorophyll pigments in the
photosynthesis
grana that give plants a green colour
C
A
Compare and contrast
the
components of animal
cells
and plant cells
Plant cell Animal cell
Cell wall

plasma
membrane

Vacuole

Centriole

Chloroplast
C
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
• P1: ribosome at P synthesis protein
• P2 : protein then being transported by P to the Q
• P3: modified protein into enzyme// Q packaged the enzyme /
modified protein
 Cheek cell Epidermis cell
Do not have cell wall Have cell wall
Do not have vacuole Have vacuole

• P1: cell cannot divide / mitosis / differentiate because

• P2 : Do not have gene / DNA (that control mitosis/differentiation)
• P1: S is mitochondria
• P2 : generate energy (by cellular respiration)
• P3 : (Meristemic) cell need a lot energy
• P4 : For mitosis / cellular division
Jasad Golgi
Tapak respirasi sel

Mengangkut protein yang disintesis oleh ribosom ke Jasad

Golgi
Tisu meristem (pada hujung pucuk dan hujung akar) / Tunas

P1: berlaku proses respirasi sel

P2: menghasilkan tenaga / ATP
P3: untuk pembahagian sel / mitosis